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Questions and Answers
What are the categories of language learning strategies identified by Oxford?
What do cognitive strategies involve?
Identification, retention, and retrieval of language elements.
What is an example of a cognitive strategy?
The keyword method.
What do metacognitive strategies deal with?
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Provide an example of an affective strategy.
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What do social strategies refer to?
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Learning strategies remain an inactive area of research.
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Strategy training may take months or even years to be effective.
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What should strategy training focus on according to Oxford?
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What did Nunan's research project aim to achieve?
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What does Nunan suggest should be incorporated into the curriculum?
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Study Notes
Learning Strategies Research
- Research on learning strategies began with "good language learner studies"
- Hundreds of studies explore different aspects of learning strategies
- Oxford (1990) categorizes learning strategies: cognitive, metacognitive, affective, and social
Cognitive Strategies
- Involve remembering, understanding, and retrieving language elements
- Examples: using memory-enhancing strategies like keyword methods to learn new words
Metacognitive Strategies
- Plan, monitor, and evaluate language learning activities
- Examples: developing plans for monitoring progress, constantly comparing current skill level to course goals
Affective Strategies
- Regulate emotions, attitudes, and motivation
- Examples: reading simplified books to foster positive attitudes towards reading
Social Strategies
- Actions learners take to interact with native language speakers
- Examples: deliberately seeking out opportunities to use the target language with native speakers
Implications for ESL Instruction
- Learning strategy training can significantly increase proficiency
- Strategy training should be an integral part of regular classroom events
- Students should be taught to identify and analyze their preferred learning strategies
- Teachers should provide explicit explanations and modeling of strategy use
- Teachers should provide ample opportunities for practice
- Strategy training takes time; it may take months or even years to use strategies effectively
- Teachers should conduct ongoing research in their classrooms to understand the factors that affect strategic learning choices
Action Research for Learner Engagement
- Nunan's research project aimed to make students more active learners
- Project focused on making students aware of their own learning process to gain control over learning
- Tasks and activities that encourage self-reflection were incorporated into the curriculum
- Students developed skills in self-checking, monitoring, and evaluation
- By the end of the project, students were more concerned with "how to learn" rather than "what to learn"
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Description
Explore the key learning strategies as defined by Oxford in 1990. This quiz covers cognitive, metacognitive, affective, and social strategies that enhance language learning. Test your understanding of how these strategies can be effectively applied in practice.
