Leading Causes of Death in Children
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the maternal-related causes that can contribute to the formation of clubfoot?

  • Excessive exercise during pregnancy
  • Presence of a mass affecting space (correct)
  • High altitude living conditions
  • Improper prenatal vitamins intake

Which maternal condition is least likely to contribute to congenital anomalies such as clubfoot?

  • Dehydration (correct)
  • Fetal position
  • Bicornuate uterus
  • Triplets pregnancy

What percentage range represents Mendelian inheritance as a cause of congenital anomalies?

  • 15-20%
  • 10-15%
  • 2-10% (correct)
  • 0-1%

Which of the following is an example of a maternal or placental infection that can contribute to congenital anomalies?

<p>Cytomegalovirus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about congenital anomalies such as clubfoot?

<p>They are solely caused by genetic factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes deformations in the developing fetus?

<p>Extrinsic biomechanical forces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which age period do accidental injuries emerge as the leading cause of death?

<p>Ages 1-4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of disturbances do deformations represent?

<p>Extrinsic disturbances of development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do congenital anomalies and malignant neoplasms play in natural diseases?

<p>They have major significance among natural diseases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of deformations is considered critical in their pathogenesis?

<p>Biomechanical forces affecting the fetus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily characterizes malformations in congenital anomalies?

<p>Errors in the morphogenesis process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anencephaly is classified under which type of congenital anomaly?

<p>Agenesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Congenital heart defects are examples of what classification of congenital anomalies?

<p>Malformation syndromes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition describes the incomplete development of an organ or tissue?

<p>Hypoplasia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'disruptions' refer to in the context of congenital anomalies?

<p>Abnormalities caused by environmental factors acting on an otherwise normal developmental process (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically the outcome of a malformation syndrome?

<p>Multiorgan involvement with systemic implications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does hypoplasia indicate when referring to organs?

<p>An organ has developed inadequately (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes agenesis in congenital anomalies?

<p>Complete absence of an organ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the initiating factor of the Potter Sequence?

<p>Oligohydramnios or decreased amniotic fluid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the characteristic phenotypes seen in newborns with Potter Sequence?

<p>Flattened facies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is considered a well-known example of the cascade of anomalies initiated by a single aberration?

<p>Potter Sequence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of hypoplastic lungs in a newborn caused by Potter Sequence?

<p>Increased infant mortality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical physical manifestation of the phenotype seen in Potter Sequence?

<p>Tall stature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Among the potential causes of congenital anomalies, which category has the highest percentage that is categorized as unknown?

<p>Unknown (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a chemical agent associated with causing issues discussed in the context of congenital anomalies?

<p>Thalidomide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of congenital anomalies?

<p>Unknown factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does agenesis refer to in the context of organ development?

<p>Complete absence of an organ and its associated primordium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which congenital anomaly is characterized by an absence of an opening?

<p>Atresia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of congenital anomalies that is least frequent?

<p>Multifactorial (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which syndrome is not typically associated with chromosomal aberrations?

<p>Holoprosencephaly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes hypoplasia?

<p>Incomplete development with decreased organ size (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hypertrophy is best described as which of the following?

<p>Increase in the size of individual cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which maternal condition is linked to congenital anomalies in the fetus?

<p>Diabetes Mellitus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to a condition involving an increase in the number of cells in an organ?

<p>Hypertrophy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy?

<p>Spontaneous abortion and placental abnormalities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is specifically mentioned as causing facial anomalies and growth restriction?

<p>Valproic acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What risk is associated with rubella during pregnancy?

<p>Congenital deafness in the baby (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about smoking during pregnancy is correct?

<p>It leads to spontaneous abortion and placental abnormalities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do Hox proteins play in embryonic development?

<p>They are responsible for patterning limbs and craniofacial structures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy?

<p>Improved fetal organ development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential outcome is linked to the use of drugs during pregnancy?

<p>Increased risk of congenital anomalies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible effect of irradiation during pregnancy?

<p>Patterning issues in limbs and facial structures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Deformations

Structural abnormalities in a developing fetus caused by external forces, like compression, during pregnancy. These are not genetic defects but rather disruptions in the normal growth process.

Extrinsic Disturbance

A factor that affects development from outside the body, such as an external force or environmental condition.

Morphogenesis

The process of developing the shape and structure of an organism.

Leading Cause of Death in Children (Ages 1-4 and 5-9)

Unintentional injuries, often resulting from accidents, are the primary cause of death in children within these age groups.

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Congenital Anomalies

Birth defects present at birth.

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Malformation Syndrome

A group of multiple malformations occurring together in the same individual, often due to a genetic or chromosomal defect.

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Agenesis

Complete absence of an organ or body part due to failure of development.

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Atresia

Closure or blockage of a natural opening, like a tube or passage.

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Hypoplasia

Underdevelopment or incomplete formation of an organ or body part.

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Hyperplasia

Overdevelopment or excessive growth of an organ or body part.

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Dysplasia

Abnormal development of cells or tissues, leading to an abnormal structure or function.

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Causes of Congenital Anomalies

Congenital anomalies can be caused by various factors, including genetic mutations, environmental exposures, and maternal health conditions.

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Clubfoot

A birth defect where the foot is turned inward and downward. It's often caused by limited space in the uterus or insufficient amniotic fluid, affecting the baby's cushioning.

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Genetic Causes of Clubfoot

Genetic factors, including chromosomal abnormalities and inherited conditions, can contribute to the development of clubfoot.

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Environmental Causes of Clubfoot

External factors during pregnancy, like infections or maternal health issues, can influence the development of clubfoot.

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Maternal Infections and Clubfoot

Certain infections contracted by the mother during pregnancy, like rubella, toxoplasmosis, syphilis, cytomegalovirus, and HIV, can increase the risk of clubfoot in the baby.

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Maternal Health and Clubfoot

Conditions like diabetes in the mother can increase the chance of clubfoot in the baby.

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What is a sequence?

A cascade of anomalies triggered by one initial problem, like a problem with amniotic fluid.

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What is Potter Sequence?

A set of problems in a baby caused by low amniotic fluid. The baby may have flat face, deformed limbs, and lung problems.

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What is oligohydramnios?

Too little amniotic fluid, leading to a baby being squeezed in the womb.

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What causes Potter Sequence?

Usually due to low amniotic fluid, which squeezes the baby and affects development.

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What are the signs of Potter Sequence?

Flat face, deformed hands and feet, clubbed feet, dislocated hips, and underdeveloped lungs.

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What kind of abnormalities are often included in a sequence?

A series of abnormalities, not all of which are linked genetically, caused by a single initial event.

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What are some causes of birth defects?

A wide range of causes exist, including genetic factors, exposure to substances, and even unknown factors that can't be identified.

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What is the most common cause of birth defects?

Often the cause is unknown, with a significant percentage of defects remaining unexplained.

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Chromosomal Aberrations

Changes in the number or structure of chromosomes, often leading to congenital malformations.

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Mendelian Inheritance

Inherited traits passed down from parents to offspring through single gene mutations.

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Holoprosencephaly

A birth defect where the brain fails to divide into two hemispheres, resulting in a single, large brain structure.

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Maternal Diseases

Health conditions that can affect the developing fetus during pregnancy, potentially leading to birth defects.

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Diabetes Mellitus (Mother)

A maternal health condition associated with an increased risk of congenital heart and neural tube defects in the baby.

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Hypotrophy

Reduced size of individual cells within an organ.

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What is a congenital anomaly?

A birth defect present at birth, meaning it's a structural or functional abnormality that's there from the time of birth.

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What are some common causes of congenital anomalies?

Congenital anomalies can be caused by various factors such as genetic mutations, environmental exposures, and maternal health conditions.

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What are some examples of environmental causes?

Environmental factors like certain drugs or infections can lead to birth defects. For example, rubella infection during pregnancy can cause congenital deafness.

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How does alcohol affect a developing baby?

Alcohol can cause growth restriction, facial anomalies, and potentially other issues. It doesn't always cause severe deformities, but it's not safe during pregnancy.

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How does cigarette smoking affect a developing baby?

Smoking during pregnancy can cause premature labor, placental abnormalities, and an increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). It's not usually associated with physical deformities, but it's still harmful.

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What is valproic acid embryopathy?

Valproic acid, an anti-epileptic medication, can disrupt the expression of homeobox genes, which are crucial for development. This can lead to various birth defects.

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How do homeobox genes affect a developing baby?

Homeobox genes (HOX genes) play a crucial role in the patterning of body structures like limbs, vertebrae, and the face. Disruptions in their function can lead to significant abnormalities.

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What are some examples of how HOX genes affect development?

In invertebrates, HOX genes are involved in shaping and patterning the body along the head-to-tail axis. In vertebrates, they influence the development of limbs, vertebrae, and craniofacial structures.

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Study Notes

Leading Causes of Death

  • Infancy/First 12 months: Unintentional injuries, congenital anomalies, and malignant neoplasms are the leading causes.
  • 1-4 years: Unintentional injuries are the most frequent cause of death.
  • 5-9 years: Unintentional injuries, malignancies, suicide, homicide, and congenital malformations are significant causes of death.
  • 10-14 years: Accidents, malignancies, suicide, homicide, and congenital malformations.

Congenital Anomalies

  • Malformations: These result from intrinsic errors during development, often involving a single gene or chromosomal defect. Malformation syndromes can affect multiple organs. Examples include anencephaly and congenital heart defects.
  • Disruptions: Occur due to secondary destruction of an organ or body part, often from an extrinsic disturbance. Amniotic bands are an example.
  • Deformations: Result from extrinsic disturbances, like localized or generalized compression of the fetus. Clubfoot is an example, potentially due to small uterus, insufficient amniotic fluid, or fetal position.
  • Sequence: A cascade of anomalies triggered by an initial aberration. Potter sequence, caused by oligohydramnios (low amniotic fluid), is an example, leading to characteristic findings like flattened face and clubfoot.
  • Agenesis: Complete absence of an organ due to failure of development.
  • Atresia: Absence of an opening or passage.
  • Hypoplasia/Hyperplasia: Incomplete development or decreased/increased size of an organ, related to the number of cells involved.
  • Hypotrophy/Hypertrophy: Decrease/increase in size of individual cells.
  • Dysplasia: Abnormal organization of cells.

Causes of Congenital Anomalies (Categorized)

  • Genetic: Chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., Down syndrome, Turner syndrome) and Mendelian inheritance (single gene mutations, e.g., holoprosencephaly). Unknown cause accounts for a significant portion of cases.
  • Environmental: Maternal infections (e.g., rubella, toxoplasmosis), maternal disease states (e.g., diabetes), exposure to drugs (e.g., valproic acid, retinoic acid), and alcohol use.
  • Multifactorial: A combination of factors.

Other Important Points

  • Critical periods of development: Different stages of gestation have varying sensitivities to teratogens (substances that cause birth defects), with the embryonic period being highly susceptible to major abnormalities.
  • Timing of exposure: The time of exposure to a teratogen influences the type and severity of the resulting anomaly.
  • Valproic acid and Vitamin A: Known teratogens, causing specific birth defect syndromes if exposure occurs during critical prenatal periods.
  • Prematurity and Fetal Growth Restriction: Risk factors include preterm premature rupture of membranes, intrauterine infections, multiple gestations, and placental abnormalities, leading to potential complications in newborns.

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Description

Explore the leading causes of death throughout childhood, from infancy to adolescence. This quiz covers various factors contributing to fatalities, including unintentional injuries and congenital anomalies. Test your knowledge on this critical topic in pediatric health.

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