Leadership and Decision Making Chapter 9

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Questions and Answers

What is the first step a hotel manager should take when addressing customer complaints?

Evaluate each of the possible alternatives

Identify alternatives for addressing the situation (correct)

Hire new staff

Implement the chosen alternative

After selecting the best alternative, what is the next step the hotel manager should take?

Implement the chosen alternative (correct)

Evaluate the effects of the chosen alternative

Identify more customer complaints

Hire additional personnel

Which of the following is an example of evaluating alternatives in decision making?

Ignoring customer feedback

Noticing an increase in complaints

Deciding that hiring is too expensive (correct)

Developing a new training program

What is the purpose of following up and evaluating the effects of the chosen alternative?

To assess whether the alternative achieved the desired outcome Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect differentiates leadership from management in a business context?

Management typically involves more structured organization Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Trait Approach to Leadership?

Identifying the essential traits of effective leaders Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following behaviors is associated with Task-Focused Leader Behavior?

Ensuring performance standards are met Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of Transformational Leadership?

Enhancing follower's values and long-term goals Signup and view all the answers

How does the Behavioral Approach to Leadership differ from the Trait Approach?

It emphasizes observable leader actions Signup and view all the answers

Which leadership style is often considered inferior to transformational leadership?

Transactional leadership Signup and view all the answers

What is a common element of both Task-Focused and Employee-Focused Leader Behaviors?

Setting clear expectations for tasks and employee satisfaction Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'transformational leadership' specifically address?

Changing and transforming people and situations Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of leadership do leaders prioritize in Employee-Focused Behavior?

Fostering employee motivation and satisfaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between leadership and management?

Leadership involves motivating and influencing others, whereas management emphasizes planning and organizing. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of power is based on the authority granted through organizational hierarchy?

Legitimate Power Signup and view all the answers

How does coercive power operate in a leadership context?

By enforcing compliance through threats or intimidation. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does transformational leadership emphasize?

Encouraging team members to surpass their own self-interests for the greater good. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of transactional leadership?

It involves promoting compliance through rewards and punishments. Signup and view all the answers

Which leadership approach is characterized by a dependency on rewards and punishments?

Transactional Leadership Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario is transactional leadership most likely to be effective?

During a crisis or emergency situation. Signup and view all the answers

What role do leadership substitutes play in an organization?

They replace the need for leader presence in certain situations. Signup and view all the answers

Which power type derives from a leader's specific knowledge or skill?

Expert Power Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'leadership substitutes'?

Characteristics that negate the need for a leader's influence. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of leadership neutralizers?

Employee traits that show a high level of resistance to authority. Signup and view all the answers

In what way do gender and cross-cultural issues impact leadership?

They shape perceptions and expectations of leadership behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

How do intrinsic motivation and leadership interact?

Intrinsic motivation can make formal leadership unnecessary. Signup and view all the answers

What are the differences often misunderstood about gender and leadership?

Leadership traits are universal and not determined by gender. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common pitfall of transactional leaders?

They often fail to inspire their followers. Signup and view all the answers

What role do organizational constraints play in leadership effectiveness?

They can limit a leader's ability to enact decisions. Signup and view all the answers

What tends to be the decision-making style of females compared to males?

Females are more democratic, while males tend to be more autocratic. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a programmed decision?

A decision that is structured and occurs with some frequency. Signup and view all the answers

In which state does a decision maker know the alternatives available and their associated conditions?

State of Certainty Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the rational decision-making process?

Recognizing and defining the decision situation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following decisions is considered nonprogrammed?

Responding to a financial crisis Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the state of uncertainty in decision-making?

The decision maker is unaware of all alternatives and their probabilities. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'decision-making process'?

Recognizing, identifying alternatives, and implementing the best choice. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the state of risk in decision-making?

Costs and payoffs are estimated using probabilities. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 9: Leadership and Decision Making

Leadership: The processes and behaviors used by someone, like a manager, to motivate, inspire, and influence the actions of others.

Learning Objectives

Define leadership and differentiate it from management.
Summarize early approaches to leadership study.
Detail transformational, transactional, and charismatic leadership perspectives.
Identify and discuss leadership substitutes and neutralizers.
Analyze leaders as coaches, examining gender and cross-cultural issues in leadership.
Relate leadership to decision-making, discussing both rational and behavioral aspects.

The Nature of Leadership

Leadership involves the processes and behaviors used to motivate, inspire, and influence the actions of others.

Leadership and Power (1 of 2)

Power: The ability to influence the behavior of others.
Legitimate Power: Power derived from organizational hierarchy.
Reward Power: The ability to give or remove rewards.
Coercive Power: The ability to enforce compliance through psychological, emotional, or physical threat.

Leadership and Power (2 of 2)

Referent Power: Power based on personal traits or charisma, leading to employee loyalty and acceptance of organizational changes.
Expert Power: Power derived from knowledge or expertise.

Early Approaches to Leadership (1 of 2)

Trait Approach: Focuses on identifying the essential traits distinguishing leaders. Traits include intelligence, dominance, self-confidence, energy, activity, and job knowledge.

Early Approaches to Leadership (2 of 2)

Behavioral Approach: Examines the behaviors leaders employ. It focuses on observable actions rather than personality, including setting goals, giving feedback, and emphasizing teamwork.

Behavioral Approach to Leadership

Task-Focused Leader Behavior: Focuses on how tasks should be performed to achieve goals and meet performance standards.
Employee-Focused Leader Behavior: Focuses on employee satisfaction, motivation, and well-being.

Leadership Through the Eyes of the Followers (1 of 3)

Transformational Leadership: A style that alters people, situations, and organizational culture. It enhances motivation, emotions, values, ethics, and long-term goals through diverse mechanisms. These mechanisms include connecting followers' identities to the organization's, serving as a role model, challenging followers to take ownership, and understanding their strengths and weaknesses.

Leadership Through the Eyes of the Followers (2 of 3)

Transactional Leadership: The most frequent leadership style, sometimes viewed as less effective than transformational leadership. It leverages reward and punishment to achieve compliance from followers. It prioritizes maintaining the status quo, unlike transformational leadership.

Special Issues in Leadership (1)

Leadership Substitutes: Individual, task-related, or organizational characteristics that negate the need for direct leadership intervention. Examples include highly skilled and self-motivated team members, and intrinsic motivation.

Special Issues in Leadership (2)

Leadership Neutralizers: Factors that hinder the effectiveness of leadership behaviors. Examples include organizational constraints (like limited resources), employee resistance to authority, and external factors (like market conditions).

The Changing Nature of Leadership (1 of 2)

Leaders as Coaches: Leaders move from being directive overseers to mentors.
Gender and Leadership: Challenges stereotypes; women aren't necessarily more nurturing and men aren't necessarily more controlling than women. Women tend to be more democratic, while men may be more autocratic.

The Changing Nature of Leadership (2 of 2)

Cross-Cultural Leadership: The impact of an individual's native culture on leadership style when working in different cultural settings.

Decision Making

Decision Making: Choosing from several options.
Decision-Making Process: Recognizing the decision situation, identifying alternatives, selecting the best alternative, implementing it, and evaluating the results.

Types of Decisions

Programmed Decisions: Recurring, structured decisions (e.g., employee scheduling).
Non-programmed Decisions: Unstructured, infrequent decisions (e.g., responses to changing economic conditions).

Decision-Making Conditions (1 of 2)

State of Certainty: Decision-makers know the alternatives and their associated conditions.
State of Risk: Probability estimates are used for alternative outcomes and their costs.

Decision-Making Conditions (2 of 2)

State of Uncertainty: Alternatives, probabilities, and consequences are unknown.

Rational Decision Making (1 of 3)

Steps in rational decision making:
- Recognizing/defining the decision situation
- Identifying alternatives
- Evaluating alternatives
- Selecting the best alternative
- Implementing the chosen alternative
- Following up and evaluating results

Rational Decision Making (2 of 3)

Detailed steps of rational decision making, using a hotel manager example.

Rational Decision Making (3 of 3)

Continuing the rational decision-making steps, using a hotel manager example to illustrate each step.

Applying What You've Learned (1 of 2)

Review of major concepts covered in the chapter.

Applying What You've Learned (2 of 2)

Continuation of the key concepts covered in the chapter.

Studying That Suits You

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Description

Explore the key concepts of leadership as discussed in Chapter 9. This quiz covers definitions, different leadership styles, and their relationship to decision-making. Delve into topics like transformational leadership, power dynamics, and the role of culture in leadership effectiveness.