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Questions and Answers
What condition results when there is a failure in the development of the mammary ridges?
What condition results when there is a failure in the development of the mammary ridges?
Which of the following describes a benign condition that often appears during adolescence in a significant percentage of boys?
Which of the following describes a benign condition that often appears during adolescence in a significant percentage of boys?
What is the primary concern regarding accessory breast tissue observed in polymastia?
What is the primary concern regarding accessory breast tissue observed in polymastia?
Which hormonal condition can lead to gynecomastia in adolescents?
Which hormonal condition can lead to gynecomastia in adolescents?
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What clinical procedure is typically recommended for cases of amastia?
What clinical procedure is typically recommended for cases of amastia?
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What is the function of the Bartholin's glands?
What is the function of the Bartholin's glands?
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Which condition involves a complete obstruction of the vagina due to a hymen without an opening?
Which condition involves a complete obstruction of the vagina due to a hymen without an opening?
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Which structure is primarily involved in the procedure of episiotomy?
Which structure is primarily involved in the procedure of episiotomy?
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What is the primary characteristic of mammary glands in females after puberty?
What is the primary characteristic of mammary glands in females after puberty?
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What anatomical feature describes the extension of the breast tissue into the axilla?
What anatomical feature describes the extension of the breast tissue into the axilla?
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Which statement is true about the hymen?
Which statement is true about the hymen?
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Which gynecological test examines vaginal discharge for diagnosing conditions like vaginitis?
Which gynecological test examines vaginal discharge for diagnosing conditions like vaginitis?
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What is the main structural characteristic of the mammary gland?
What is the main structural characteristic of the mammary gland?
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What happens to the suspensory ligament of Cooper as women age?
What happens to the suspensory ligament of Cooper as women age?
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What is the primary function of the tubercles of Montgomery?
What is the primary function of the tubercles of Montgomery?
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What anatomical feature is primarily responsible for the 'orange peel' appearance in certain breast conditions?
What anatomical feature is primarily responsible for the 'orange peel' appearance in certain breast conditions?
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In advanced breast carcinoma, which of the following changes occurs related to Cooper's ligaments?
In advanced breast carcinoma, which of the following changes occurs related to Cooper's ligaments?
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What is the anatomical arrangement of the lobes in the mammary gland?
What is the anatomical arrangement of the lobes in the mammary gland?
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Where do the majority of breast cancers typically develop?
Where do the majority of breast cancers typically develop?
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Which of the following statements about lactiferous ducts is true?
Which of the following statements about lactiferous ducts is true?
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What anatomical change occurs in the breast due to the infiltration of a malignant tumor through the retro mammary space?
What anatomical change occurs in the breast due to the infiltration of a malignant tumor through the retro mammary space?
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What is the typical shape and size of the anterior wall of the vagina?
What is the typical shape and size of the anterior wall of the vagina?
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Which anatomical structure is homologous to the male penis?
Which anatomical structure is homologous to the male penis?
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What orientation does the cervix have in the nulliparous state relative to the vagina?
What orientation does the cervix have in the nulliparous state relative to the vagina?
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Which structure plays a significant role in the sexual response of females due to its sensitivity?
Which structure plays a significant role in the sexual response of females due to its sensitivity?
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How do the labia minora function in relation to the vestibule?
How do the labia minora function in relation to the vestibule?
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What is the primary function of the modified sweat glands in the mammary gland?
What is the primary function of the modified sweat glands in the mammary gland?
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What anatomical feature indicates the location of the mammary gland on the chest wall?
What anatomical feature indicates the location of the mammary gland on the chest wall?
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In males, what is the typical state of the mammary glands?
In males, what is the typical state of the mammary glands?
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What is the axillary tail of Spence in relation to the mammary gland?
What is the axillary tail of Spence in relation to the mammary gland?
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Where does breast tissue typically extend within the female anatomy?
Where does breast tissue typically extend within the female anatomy?
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What defines the composition of the mammary gland?
What defines the composition of the mammary gland?
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What is a notable feature of the nipple within the context of the mammary gland?
What is a notable feature of the nipple within the context of the mammary gland?
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How does the developmental state of mammary glands in females change after puberty?
How does the developmental state of mammary glands in females change after puberty?
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What is the main purpose of the tubercles of Montgomery in the areola?
What is the main purpose of the tubercles of Montgomery in the areola?
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What is a consequence of the weakening of Cooper's ligaments in elderly females?
What is a consequence of the weakening of Cooper's ligaments in elderly females?
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Which anatomical feature is critical for the drainage of milk from the mammary gland?
Which anatomical feature is critical for the drainage of milk from the mammary gland?
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What structural change occurs in advanced breast carcinoma regarding the breast's anatomy?
What structural change occurs in advanced breast carcinoma regarding the breast's anatomy?
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What is the role of lymphatic drainage in the context of breast health?
What is the role of lymphatic drainage in the context of breast health?
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The appearance known as 'peau d'orange' is primarily due to which underlying condition?
The appearance known as 'peau d'orange' is primarily due to which underlying condition?
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What is the general arrangement of lobes within the mammary gland?
What is the general arrangement of lobes within the mammary gland?
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What anatomical feature is critical in maintaining the support of breast tissue?
What anatomical feature is critical in maintaining the support of breast tissue?
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Which quadrant of the breast is most frequently associated with the majority of cancer cases?
Which quadrant of the breast is most frequently associated with the majority of cancer cases?
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Which structure enhances lubrication for breastfeeding in the mammary gland?
Which structure enhances lubrication for breastfeeding in the mammary gland?
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What anatomical feature describes the region where an axillary tail of breast tissue may extend?
What anatomical feature describes the region where an axillary tail of breast tissue may extend?
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What is a potential risk associated with polymastia?
What is a potential risk associated with polymastia?
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Which of the following conditions involves the absence of nipples without the presence of any breast tissue?
Which of the following conditions involves the absence of nipples without the presence of any breast tissue?
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What is the usual clinical approach for treating amastia?
What is the usual clinical approach for treating amastia?
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In which condition is gynecomastia commonly observed?
In which condition is gynecomastia commonly observed?
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What is the primary characteristic of gynecomastia in adolescents?
What is the primary characteristic of gynecomastia in adolescents?
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What can be a consequence of the failure of mammary ridges to develop?
What can be a consequence of the failure of mammary ridges to develop?
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Gynecomastia can occur due to which of the following hormonal conditions?
Gynecomastia can occur due to which of the following hormonal conditions?
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Which of the following accurately describes polymastia?
Which of the following accurately describes polymastia?
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What percentage of boys is likely to experience gynecomastia during early adolescence?
What percentage of boys is likely to experience gynecomastia during early adolescence?
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Which of the following best describes the vascular supply to the ovaries?
Which of the following best describes the vascular supply to the ovaries?
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Which statement accurately describes the external features of the ovaries after puberty?
Which statement accurately describes the external features of the ovaries after puberty?
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What is the primary lymphatic drainage pathway for the ovaries?
What is the primary lymphatic drainage pathway for the ovaries?
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What type of nerve supply is responsible for pain sensation in the ovaries?
What type of nerve supply is responsible for pain sensation in the ovaries?
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Which anatomical feature is located at the hilus of the ovary?
Which anatomical feature is located at the hilus of the ovary?
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Which of the following components forms the anterior mesovarian border of the ovary?
Which of the following components forms the anterior mesovarian border of the ovary?
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In the ovary, what is the correct description of the tubal and uterine poles?
In the ovary, what is the correct description of the tubal and uterine poles?
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What is the color and texture of the ovarian surface in young girls before the onset of ovulation?
What is the color and texture of the ovarian surface in young girls before the onset of ovulation?
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Which part of the ovary contains the highest concentration of developing follicles?
Which part of the ovary contains the highest concentration of developing follicles?
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Which type of nerves are responsible for vasodilation in the ovaries?
Which type of nerves are responsible for vasodilation in the ovaries?
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Study Notes
L39 - Reproductive System - Female
- The female reproductive system is located in the pelvic cavity and perineum.
- During pregnancy, it extends into the abdomen.
- Learning Outcomes include: gross anatomy of ovary, Fallopian tube, and uterus.
- Applied anatomy (anatomical basis) of common clinical conditions.
- Gross anatomy of Vagina & external genitalia.
- Anatomy of mammary gland.
- Applied anatomy (anatomical basis) of common clinical conditions.
Ovaries
- Ovaries are female gonads.
- Oocytes are formed in ovaries.
- Ovaries are located in the ovarian fossa on the lateral pelvic wall.
- In young girls, before ovulation, ovaries have smooth greyish pink surfaces.
- After puberty, ovarian surfaces become uneven and greyish.
- Each ovary has two poles (upper/tubal pole, lower/uterine pole).
- Two borders (anterior/mesovarian, posterior/free).
- Two surfaces (lateral and medial).
- Arterial supply is from the abdominal aorta (ovarian artery).
- Venous drainage emerges at the hilus, forming a pampiniform plexus around the artery.
- Lymphatic drainage is to lateral and pre-aortic nodes.
- Nerve supply includes sympathetic nerves (T10, T11) which are afferent for pain and vasomotor. Parasympathetic nerves (S2, S3, S4) are vasodilator.
- Functions include the production of oocytes and hormones (estrogen and progesterone).
- Applied conditions include ovarian prolapse (displacement to pouch of Douglas) and ovarian cysts (developmental arrest of follicles).
Uterine Tubes
- Also called Fallopian tubes
- A pair of tortuous ducts that carry ova to the uterine cavity.
- 10 cm in length.
- Situated in the upper free margin of the broad ligament of the uterus.
- Transport of ova into uterine tubes is facilitated by longitudinal grooves on the ovarian fimbria, ciliary beats, and peristalsis of tubal musculature.
- Two openings (uterine ostium and pelvic/abdominal ostium).
- Four parts: (a) Pars uterina tubae (intra-mural part), (b) Isthmus, (c) Ampulla, and (d) Infundibulum.
- Blood supply from ovarian and uterine arteries and veins.
- Nerve supply from sympathetic nerves (T10 to L2), parasympathetic (lateral part of tube from vagus, medial part from pelvic splanchnic nerves).
- Applied conditions include tubal pregnancy (ectopic pregnancy), pyosalpinx (pus-filled tube), salpingitis (inflammation), sterility (tubal blockage).
Uterus
- Pear-shaped, hollow, muscular organ.
- Located within the true pelvis and between the bladder and rectum.
- Covered with peritoneum except anteriorly.
- Consists of two parts (a) body (corpus uteri - upper 2/3), (b) cervix (lower 1/3).
- Positions include anteflexion (long axis of body bent forward), anteversion (long axis of cervix bent forward), retroverted (fundus and body of uterus bent backward), and retroflexed (body bent backward on cervix).
Perineal Body
- Fibromuscular structure in the perineum between the vagina and anal canal.
- Maintains integrity of the pelvic floor.
- Damage during childbirth may lead to prolapse of pelvic viscera.
Vagina
- Female organ of copulation.
- Forms lower part of birth canal.
- Extends from vestibule to vaginal part of cervix.
- Upward and backward position at 45° to uterus.
- Anterior wall - 8 cm; Posterior wall - 10 cm.
- Lumen resembles an "H" in the lower third, a transverse slit in the middle third, and a rounded shape in the upper third.
External Female Genitalia
- Mons pubis: fatty eminence over pubic symphysis.
- Labia majora: two longitudinal folds of skin enclosing the pudendal cleft (outer surface is pigmented and hairy, inner is smooth and contains sebaceous glands).
- Labia minora: two small folds between the labia majora, enclosing the vestibule. Vestibule has vaginal orifices, ducts of vestibular glands, and urethra.
- Clitoris: homologous to male penis (corpora cavernosa, glans, but no corpus spongiosum). Erectile tissue, highly sensitive.
- Bulbs of vestibule: two masses of erectile tissue on either side of the vaginal orifice.
- Vestibular glands of Bartholin: lie near the vaginal orifice. Their ducts open between the hymen and labia minora.
- Hymen: membrane partially covering the vaginal orifice in virgins. Not a reliable indicator of virginity.
- Applied anatomy includes per vaginal examination, vaginal smears (diagnostic test for vaginal discharge), cysts of vestibular glands, imperforate hymen, dyspareunia (painful intercourse), and episiotomy.
Mammary Gland
- Modified sweat gland
- Derived from skin epithelium.
- Rudimentary in males, well developed in females after puberty.
- Located in superficial fascia of anterior chest wall (2nd rib to 6th rib, along mid-clavicular line, extends to mid-axillary line).
- Variable size, extending into axillary tail of Spence
- Nipple: conical elevation.
- Areola: pigmented area around nipple, has modified sebaceous glands and Montgomery tubercles.
- Cooper ligaments: connective tissue anchoring breast to dermis.
- 15-20 lobes separated by fibrous connective tissue.
- Each lobe is drained by lactferous ducts (converging near nipple, with a dilated lactiferous sinus).
- Applied Anatomy includes peau d'orange (orange peel skin), advanced breast carcinoma (tumors that grow through retro-mammary space, fix to chest wall, shorten suspensory ligaments), and mastia, absence of breast/nipple).
- Additional applied anatomy includes gynecomastia (condition of benign breast growth in males frequently during adolescence).
Lymphatic Drainage of Breast
- Drainage to axillary, internal thoracic and para-aortic nodes.
- Superficial & deep drainage routes; important clinically
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Description
Explore the detailed anatomy of the female reproductive system in this quiz. You'll learn about the ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, and more, including their anatomical position and common clinical conditions. Test your knowledge on both gross and applied anatomy as it relates to the female reproductive tract.
