Kidney Physiology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of total body weight is composed of Intracellular Fluid?

  • 40% (correct)
  • 5%
  • 20%
  • 15%

    • Which substance is used to measure extracellular fluid volume and does not cross capillaries?

  • Glucose
  • Sodium
  • Mannitol
  • Albumin (correct)

    • In the case of SIADH, what happens to osmolarity and fluid compartment volumes?

  • Decrease in osmolarity and volume expansion (correct)
  • No change in osmolarity and volume contraction
  • Increase in osmolarity and volume expansion
  • Increase in osmolarity and volume contraction

    • What primarily causes water and solutes to be pushed out of the plasma in the kidneys?

    <p>Hydrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of total body weight is accounted for by Plasma in the extracellular fluid?

    <p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used to determine the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

    <p>Inulin clearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is absorbed at the proximal tubule through sodium-coupled transport?

    <p>Chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical transport maximum (Tm) for reabsorption of glucose in the kidneys?

    <p>375 mg/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following transporters is primarily involved in sodium reabsorption during volume depletion?

    <p>NHE3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism is used by the kidney to reabsorb proteins like albumin?

    <p>Endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal tubule is true?

    <p>85-90% of bicarbonate is reabsorbed as CO2 and water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when plasma glucose levels exceed the transport maximum of renal glucose transporters?

    <p>Excess glucose is excreted in urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transporter is NOT involved in sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule?

    <p>GLUT1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary form of transport used by the renal cotransporters for glucose and amino acids?

    <p>Secondary cotransport with Na^+^</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon occurs due to variability in saturation thresholds among nephrons?

    <p>Splay phenomenon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which segment of the nephron does NOT require energy for water reabsorption?

    <p>Loop of Henle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when aldosterone is blocked in the renal system?

    <p>Decreased Na^+^ reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much potassium is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of the nephron?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the terminal site for sodium reabsorption in the nephron?

    <p>Inner medullary collecting duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of sodium is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

    <p>67%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the secretion of renin?

    <p>Decreased blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ion transport mechanism is NOT utilized in the early proximal convoluted tubule for sodium reabsorption?

    <p>Passive diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of angiotensin II in the renal system?

    <p>Stimulate thirst sensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the effect of afferent arteriole constriction on renal hemodynamics?

    <p>Decreases renal blood flow and GFR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation represents the calculation of GFR using creatinine?

    <p>GFR = (creatinine in urine x flow volume) / creatinine in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes the increase in aldosterone secretion?

    <p>Decreased blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the glomerular oncotic pressure impact net filtration pressure?

    <p>It decreases net filtration pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)?

    <p>Converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of stimulating the Na^+/H^+ exchanger in the kidneys?

    <p>Increased sodium reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism do potassium-sparing diuretics primarily use to reduce potassium secretion?

    <p>Inhibit aldosterone receptor synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does parathyroid hormone (PTH) have on phosphate reabsorption in the proximal tubule?

    <p>Inhibits Na+-phosphate cotransport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does calcitriol affect calcium levels in the body?

    <p>Decreases calcium excretion in the kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes the primary function of potassium-sparing diuretics?

    <p>Inhibiting potassium secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to phosphate levels in the kidney when excess PTH is secreted?

    <p>Phosphaturia occurs, increasing phosphate excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is least likely affected by calcitriol?

    <p>Potassium secretion in the kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of inhibiting Na+ reabsorption in the context of potassium-sparing diuretics?

    <p>Higher potassium retention in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation's variables?

    <p>Connects pH, bicarbonate, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pKₐ of carbonic acid in blood buffering?

    <p>6.1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with decreased pH due to increased CO₂?

    <p>Respiratory Acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of high anion gap acidosis represented by the letter 'D' in the mnemonic 'MUDPILES'?

    <p>Diabetic ketoacidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to ADH release when baroreceptor firing increases due to low blood pressure?

    <p>ADH release decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of Respiratory Acidosis?

    <p>Hyperventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by an increased plasma glucose level in the context of anion gap acidosis?

    <p>It causes production of ketoacids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hyperosmolarity on ADH release?

    <p>ADH release is increased.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances would contribute to high anion gap acidosis due to poisoning?

    <p>Salicylates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by a decreased pH due to an increase in CO₂?

    <p>Respiratory Acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does increased plasma osmolality have on ADH release?

    <p>Increases ADH release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can lead to decreased pH due to a decrease in HCO₃⁻?

    <p>Diabetic Ketoacidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hyperventilation affect pH levels in the blood?

    <p>Increases pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of diabetes insipidus, what is the expected impact on urine concentration?

    <p>Urine becomes dilute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of SIADH on body fluid osmolarity and volume?

    <p>Decreases osmolarity and increases fluid volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the distribution of body water as a percentage of total body weight?

    <p>Extracellular Fluid comprises both Interstitial Fluid and Plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following causes is NOT associated with high anion gap acidosis?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hydrostatic pressure affect fluid movement across capillary walls?

    <p>It primarily pushes water and solutes out of the plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is typically used to measure the extracellular fluid volume due to its properties in crossing capillaries?

    <p>Mannitol, which can cross capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the absence of capillary osmotic pressure in a healthy Bowman's capsule?

    <p>Promotes filtration of waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the secretion of renin from the kidneys?

    <p>Decreased blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Angiotensin II play in the renal system?

    <p>It stimulates thirst.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT influence the net filtration pressure in the kidneys?

    <p>Efferent Arteriole Diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does constriction of the afferent arteriole affect glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

    <p>Decreases GFR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate GFR based on creatinine levels?

    <p>GFR = (creatinine in urine x flow volume) / creatinine in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of decreased sodium delivery in the Macula Densa?

    <p>Secretion of renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following effects is NOT a result of the activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?

    <p>Constriction of glomerular afferent arteriole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition results from low blood volume causing the activation of RAAS?

    <p>Increased blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transporter facilitates secondary active transport by co-transporting Na^+^ with glucose in the renal system?

    <p>SGLT (Sodium-Glucose Linked Transporter)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for variability in saturation thresholds among different nephrons?

    <p>Splay phenomenon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which segment of the nephron is the Na^+/K^+/2Cl^- symporter primarily found?

    <p>Thick ascending limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does blocking aldosterone have on potassium reabsorption in the kidneys?

    <p>Decreased potassium secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of sodium is primarily reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

    <p>67%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which nephron segment is water reabsorption passive and does not require energy?

    <p>Proximal convoluted tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change occurs when aldosterone is blocked in the renal system?

    <p>Decreased blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the electrochemical gradient created by the Na^+/K^+ ATPase?

    <p>Provides the driving force for sodium transport into epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of inulin in renal physiology?

    <p>It is used to determine the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transporter is primarily associated with glucose reabsorption in the early proximal convoluted tubule?

    <p>SGLT2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to excess glucose when plasma levels exceed the renal transport maximum?

    <p>Excess glucose is excreted into the urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is involved in the reabsorption of proteins like insulin in the kidneys?

    <p>Endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is NOT primarily reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?

    <p>Creatinine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which condition does the kidney enhance sodium reabsorption to conserve water and solutes?

    <p>Decreased extravascular volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of bicarbonate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?

    <p>85-90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significant physiological response of the proximal tubule to conserve volume?

    <p>Enhanced reabsorption of Na^+ and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which spironolactone functions as a potassium-sparing diuretic?

    <p>Blocks aldosterone from entering the nucleus of principal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does parathyroid hormone (PTH) have on renal phosphate handling?

    <p>Inhibits phosphate reabsorption in the proximal tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason potassium-sparing diuretics produce only mild diuresis?

    <p>They inhibit a small percentage of total Na+ reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of aldosterone in the distal tubule related to sodium reabsorption?

    <p>Increases K+ secretion in exchange for Na+ reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?

    <p>It relates pH, pKa, and the ratio of protonated to deprotonated species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to phosphate levels in the kidney when there is an excess of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

    <p>Phosphate excretion increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what manner does calcitriol influence kidney function?

    <p>Enhances calcium reabsorption in the kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary force responsible for pushing water and solutes out of plasma and into urine?

    <p>Hydrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In SIADH, the body experiences a hyperosmotic situation due to water retention.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of total body weight is Extracellular Fluid?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Albumin is an anion that _____ cross capillaries and thus should not be found in the urine.

    <p>does not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following compartments of fluid distribution with their respective percentages of total body weight:

    <p>Intracellular Fluid = 40% Extracellular Fluid = 20% Plasma = 5% Interstitial Fluid = 15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is considered the best way to determine Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?

    <p>Inulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Na^+ is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule through both active and passive mechanisms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do elevated plasma glucose levels have on renal glucose transporters?

    <p>They exceed the transport maximum and result in glucose being excreted in urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary mechanism by which proteins like albumin are reabsorbed by the kidneys is through __________.

    <p>endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances with their reabsorption mechanisms in the proximal tubule:

    <p>Na^+ = Active transport Water = Passive osmosis Glucose = Sodium-coupled transport Urea = Passive diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transporter is involved in sodium reabsorption in the context of reduced extravascular volume?

    <p>NHE3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excess bicarbonate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule only through active transport mechanisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the two specific transporters responsible for glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule.

    <p>SGLT1 and SGLT2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    PTH increases phosphate reabsorption in the proximal tubule.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone regulates calcium levels in the body and allows for calcium reabsorption in the kidneys?

    <p>Calcitriol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aldosterone antagonists, like spironolactone, primarily prevent aldosterone from entering the _______.

    <p>nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Calcitriol = Hormone that regulates calcium and phosphate levels Amiloride = Potassium-sparing diuretic that inhibits Na+ channels PTH = Hormone that decreases phosphate reabsorption Phosphaturia = Increased excretion of phosphate in urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of sodium reabsorption do potassium-sparing diuretics inhibit?

    <p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excess parathyroid hormone results in decreased calcium reabsorption in the kidneys.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physiological effect of calcitriol in the kidneys?

    <p>Decreases calcium and phosphate excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transporter is primarily involved in potassium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb?

    <p>Na-K-2Cl symporter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Splay phenomenon occurs due to uniform saturation thresholds among nephrons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main result of aldosterone blockade in the renal system?

    <p>Decreased K^+^ secretion and decreased Na^+^ reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water reabsorption is passive and occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and __________.

    <p>collecting duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the nephron segments with their potassium handling:

    <p>Proximal convoluted tubule = 67% reabsorption Thick ascending limb = 20% reabsorption Distal convoluted tubule = 5% reabsorption Inner medullary collecting duct = 3% reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which percentage of sodium is reabsorbed in the early distal convoluted tubule?

    <p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Na^+/K^+ ATPase is primarily responsible for passive reabsorption of sodium in the early proximal convoluted tubule.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor leads to variability in saturation thresholds among nephrons?

    <p>Splay phenomenon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical pH of blood?

    <p>7.4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyperventilation can lead to respiratory acidosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one common cause of high anion gap acidosis.

    <p>Diabetic ketoacidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pKₐ of carbonic acid in blood buffering is approximately _____ .

    <p>6.1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the conditions with their effects on blood pH:

    <p>Respiratory Alkalosis = Increased pH due to decrease in CO₂ Respiratory Acidosis = Decreased pH due to increase in CO₂ Metabolic Alkalosis = Increased pH due to increase in HCO₃⁻ Metabolic Acidosis = Decreased pH due to decrease in HCO₃⁻</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to urine concentration in diabetes insipidus?

    <p>Urine concentration decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The acronym MUDPILES helps remember the causes of _____ acidosis.

    <p>high anion gap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of renin in the RAAS system?

    <p>It converts Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Constriction of the afferent arteriole increases the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is released from the posterior pituitary in response to RAAS activation?

    <p>ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Renin is secreted by the ______ when blood pressure decreases.

    <p>kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the RAAS with their functions:

    <p>Renin = Converts Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I ACE = Converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II Angiotensin II = Stimulates aldosterone release Aldosterone = Increases sodium reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effect does Angiotensin II NOT have during RAAS activation?

    <p>Decreases sodium reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calculate the GFR in ml/min if creatinine levels in urine are 125 mg/ml, urine flow volume is 1 ml/min, and creatinine in blood is 1 mg/ml.

    <p>125</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A decrease in sodium delivery to the Macula Densa stimulates renin secretion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Renal Physiology Lecture Notes

    • Lecture 33 - Fluid Volume Distribution and Measurement:

      • 60% of total body weight is water
      • 40% is intracellular fluid
      • 20% is extracellular fluid
      • 15% of extracellular fluid is plasma
      • 5% of extracellular fluid is interstitial fluid.
      • Substances like albumin and mannitol are used to measure extracellular fluid volume
      • Mannitol can cross capillaries
      • Albumin cannot cross capillaries
      • SIADH increases extracellular and intracellular fluid volume causing a decrease in osmolarity. This is a hypoosmotic situation that results in volume expansion or water gain.

    • Lecture 34 - Renal Function Principles:

      • Hydrostatic pressure forces fluid and solutes out of capillaries.
      • There's no capillary osmotic pressure to resist this in a healthy Bowman's capsule.
      • Plasma volume affects RAAS activity
        • Decreased blood pressure
        • Decreased sodium delivery in the Macula Densa
        • Increased sympathetic tone
        • These factors stimulate renin secretion.
      • Renin converts Angiotensinogen in the kidneys to Angiotensin I
      • ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme) converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II.
      • Leads to Activation of RAAS, resulting in:
        • Kidney: Constriction of efferent arteriole and increased Na+/H+ exchanger activity.
        • Posterior Pituitary: ADH (antidiuretic hormone) secretion, increasing water permeability in collecting ducts, and increasing urea reabsorption
        • Reabsorption of free water and urea.

    • Lecture 35 - Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration Rate I:

      • Afferent arteriole constriction decreases renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) but has no effect on Filtration Fraction (FF).
      • Efferent arteriole constriction increases GFR and FF while decreasing RBF.
      • Increased plasma oncotic pressure increases GFR and FF.
      • Understanding Starling forces is crucial for renal function and net filtration.

    • Net Filtration pressure = Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure - Bowman's Capsule Pressure-Glomerular Oncotic Pressure.

    • Lecture 36 - Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration Rate II:

      • Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is calculated using the creatinine concentration in blood and urine:
      • GFR=(creatinine in urine x flow volume) / creatinine in blood
      • GFR = 125 ml/min.
      • Creatinine concentration is higher in urine than blood, is endogenous and is commonly used to measure GFR.

    • Lecture 37 - Proximal Tubule Reabsorption & Secretion I:

      • The proximal tubule reabsorbs most substances and water efficiently.
      • Substances like Na+, Mg2+, Cl, Ca2+, PO43-, bicarbonate, amino acids, glucose and water are reabsorbed.
      • The kidney activates mechanisms to conserve sodium, water and other vital solutes when extravascular volume is reduced including sodium reabsorption through NHE3, SGLT2, and NaPi transporters, increased water reabsorption via aquaporins (AQP1), and modulation of acid-base balance via bicarbonate transporters (NBCe1, NHE3).
      • The Tm for renal glucose transporters determines when glucose isn't reabsorbed and gets excreted; nephron capacity to handle glucose varies, with an average threshold of approximately 375mg/minute.

    • Lecture 38 - Proximal Tubule Reabsorption & Secretion II:

      • Albumin, immunoglobulins and peptide hormones (e.g., insulin) are reabsorbed by endocytosis.
      • Renal transporters like Na+/H+ (countertransport), glucose transporter proteins, and amino acid transporters are important for specialized substances transport. Some of these are secondary active transporters which use the gradient created by Na+ to transport other solutions.

    • Lecture 39 - Sodium Balance I:

      • 67% of sodium is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.
      • 20% in the thick ascending limb.
      • 25% in the distal convoluted tubule.
      • 3% in the inner medullary collecting duct.
      • Mineralocorticoid blockade decreases Na+ reabsorption and increases K+ reabsorption, leading to natriuresis and hyperkalemia.
      • Decreases blood pressure and hypovolemia.
      • The terminal site of sodium reabsorption is the inner medullary collecting duct.

    • Lecture 40 - Sodium Balance II:

      • Na+/K+ ATPase creates an electrochemical gradient for Na+ transport, which is important in the proximal tubule.
      • Potassium sparing diuretics inhibit (block) aldosterone-induced Na+ reabsorption in the collecting ducts, leading to increased Na+ excretion.
      • The terminal site of sodium reabsorption is the inner medullary collecting duct.

    • Lecture 41 - Potassium, Phosphate and Calcium Balance:

      • PTH regulates phosphate reabsorption in the proximal tubule by inhibiting Na+-phosphate cotransport, resulting in phosphaturia (increase in phosphate excretion).
      • PTH decreases phosphate reabsorption and increases Ca2+ reabsorption in the distal tubule.
      • Calcitriol (vitamin D3) is important for calcium and phosphate reabsorption – increase Ca and PO4 release into bone.
        • Calcitriol increases calcium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule.

    • Lecture 42 - Acid-Base Chemistry:

      • Henderson-Hasselbalch equation describes acid-base balance. -Variables include pH, pKa, [A-], and [HA] (concentrations of conjugate base and weak acid).
      • Types of acid base disturbances: Respiratory alkalosis, Acidosis; Metabolic Acidosis, Alkalosis.

    • Lecture 43 - Water Balance:

      • Diabetes insipidus results in impaired urine concentration.
      • ADH (antidiuretic hormone) release increases with hyperosmolarity and decreases with hypotension.
      • ADH acts on the collecting ducts, increasing water permeability and thus, urea reabsorption and water reabsorption.

    • ADH release is decreased with increased baroreceptor firing, which is due to low blood pressure. Recall low blood pressure decreases ADH. ADH causes the increase in permeability in the collecting ducts to water, which increases urea reabsorption.

    • Lecture 44 - Acid-Base II:

      • "MUDPILES" mnemonic is used for causes of high-anion-gap acidosis (methanol, uremia, diabetic ketoacidosis,paraldehyde, infection, lactic acidosis,ethylene glycol, salicylate toxicity).
      • Anion gap acidosis can be caused by decreased tissue blood flow, which decreases oxygen delivery to tissues, creating lactic acidosis.
      • Lactic acidosis is the most common cause of anion gap metabolic acidosis.

    • Lecture 45 - Acid-Base III:

      • Unmeasured cations can contribute to low anion gap acidosis, such as IgG, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+.
      • Diuretic use can lead to metabolic alkalosis and respiratory compensation.
      • Low blood pressure can cause a decrease in ADH release. ADH is important in the reabsorption of water and concentration of urine.

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    Test your knowledge on key concepts related to renal physiology. This quiz covers topics such as fluid compartments, glomerular filtration rate, and transport mechanisms in the kidneys. Perfect for students studying physiology or medical sciences.

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