कॉलिगेटिव गुण : समाधान के गुण

Colligative Properties

Colligative properties are characteristics of solutions that depend only on the number of solute particles present, not their identity.

Boiling Point Elevation

• The boiling point of a solution is higher than that of the pure solvent.
• The amount of boiling point elevation (ΔTb) is directly proportional to the molality of the solution (m).
• Equation: ΔTb = Kb * m, where Kb is the boiling point elevation constant.

Freezing Point Depression

• The freezing point of a solution is lower than that of the pure solvent.
• The amount of freezing point depression (ΔTf) is directly proportional to the molality of the solution (m).
• Equation: ΔTf = Kf * m, where Kf is the freezing point depression constant.

Osmotic Pressure

• Osmotic pressure (π) is the pressure required to prevent the flow of solvent into a solution through a semipermeable membrane.
• Equation: π = MRT, where M is the molarity of the solution, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin.

Vapor Pressure Lowering

• The vapor pressure of a solution is lower than that of the pure solvent.
• Raoult's Law: the partial pressure of the solvent over a solution (PS) is directly proportional to its mole fraction (x).
• Equation: PS = x * P°, where P° is the vapor pressure of the pure solvent.

Raoult's Law

• Raoult's Law states that the partial pressure of each component in a solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction.
• The law is only applicable to ideal solutions, where the interactions between solute and solvent are similar to those between solvent molecules.

These colligative properties are important in understanding the behavior of solutions and have many practical applications in fields such as chemistry, biology, and engineering.