K101 Final Exam Study Guide - Organic Molecules
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Questions and Answers

What type of genetic condition is characterized by being an autosomal dominant trait?

  • Cystic Fibrosis
  • Marfan's (correct)
  • Tay Sachs
  • Hemophilia

Which of these genetic conditions is classified as an autosomal recessive disorder?

  • Achondroplasia
  • Cystic Fibrosis (correct)
  • Polydactyly
  • Marfan's

Which outcome of a test cross would indicate that the tall parent corn plant is heterozygous?

  • The ratio of tall to short offspring is 1:1. (correct)
  • All offspring are tall.
  • All offspring are short.
  • The ratio of tall to short offspring is 3:1.

Which term best describes the phenomenon where one gene influences multiple traits in individuals?

<p>Pleiotropy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pedigrees would be consistent with an X-linked recessive pattern of inheritance?

<p>Shaded symbols in males but not appearing in their daughters. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct characteristic of cancer cells when compared to normal cells?

<p>Uncontrolled growth and division. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?

<p>Prophase I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cellular content is primarily assessed during the different stages of the cell cycle?

<p>DNA replication and damage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of meiosis do homologous chromosomes pair up?

<p>Prophase I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event is the basis for Mendel's law of independent assortment?

<p>Alignment of tetrads at the equator in metaphase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percent of a population will be heterozygous carriers for cystic fibrosis in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with a recessive allele frequency of 0.6?

<p>36% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected phenotype ratio from a cross between a black fur, short tail (BbTt) mouse and a homozygous black, long tail (BBtt) mouse?

<p>3 Black, 3 Brown (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If two individuals with type AB blood reproduce, what is the probability of having a child with blood type O?

<p>0% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a cross between a black Labrador retriever (BbEe) and a chocolate Lab (bbEe), what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring?

<p>8 Black, 4 Chocolate, 4 Yellow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chance that sons of a male with hemophilia and a heterozygous spouse will have hemophilia?

<p>50% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase does DNA content in a diploid cell reach 4N?

<p>G2 phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of receptor tyrosine kinase activation?

<p>Dimerization and auto-phosphorylation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the DNA content of a diploid cell in G1 phase is $x$, what is its DNA content at metaphase of meiosis I?

<p>4x (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event occurs immediately after nuclear envelope breakdown during mitosis?

<p>Spindle fiber formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT typically associated with cancer cells?

<p>Density-dependent inhibition of growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis?

<p>Homologous chromosomes separate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a plant with a diploid chromosome number of $2n=46$, how many pairs of homologous chromosomes are present just after entering Meiosis II?

<p>23 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be concluded about a woman with two Barr bodies in her karyotype?

<p>She has triple X syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which stage of meiosis do cells first become haploid?

<p>Telophase I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Autosomal recessive condition

A genetic disorder where two copies of an abnormal gene are necessary to display the trait, and the gene is located on one of the non-sex chromosomes.

Autosomal dominant condition

A genetic disorder where only one copy of an abnormal gene is necessary to display the trait, and the gene is located on one of the non-sex chromosomes.

X-linked condition

A genetic disorder where the gene is located on the X chromosome.

Test cross

A genetic cross between an organism with a dominant phenotype and an organism with a homozygous recessive genotype, used to determine the genotype of the dominant individual.

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Pleiotropy

The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects on an organism's phenotype.

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tRNA

Transfer RNA, a type of RNA molecule that carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

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mRNA codon

A sequence of three nucleotides in messenger RNA that codes for a specific amino acid.

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Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism represented by the alleles present.

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Homologous chromosomes synapse

Homologous chromosomes pair up during prophase I of meiosis.

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Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment

Genes for different traits segregate independently during gamete formation.

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Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A principle stating that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences.

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Cystic fibrosis carrier frequency (Hardy-Weinberg)

If the recessive allele frequency is 0.6, the heterozygous carrier frequency equals 2 * (allele frequency) * (1 - allele frequency)

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Independent Assortment in Meiosis

The random orientation of homologous chromosomes during metaphase I of meiosis leads to different combinations of alleles in gametes.

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Probability of offspring blood type (AB x AB)

Offspring of two AB parents have a 25% chance of being type A, 25% type B, and 50% type AB.

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Epistasis example (Labrador retrievers)

A genetic interaction where one gene's effect on a phenotype is modified by a different gene.

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X-linked recessive trait example

Hemophilia in humans, inheritance pattern specific to sex chromosomes and genes related to that.

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Receptor Tyrosine Kinase activation

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) become activated by dimerization and auto-phosphorylation. This triggers a phosphorylation cascade, leading to downstream signaling.

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Meiosis I DNA content

In a diploid cell entering meiosis I, if the DNA content is x, then at metaphase of meiosis I, it's 0.5x or half the original.

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Mitosis -Next Event

Following the breakdown of the nuclear envelope in mitosis, the next step usually involves the formation of telophase nuclei.

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Cancer Cell Characteristics

Cancer cells have alterations in their plasma membranes, cytoskeletal proteins. They often exhibit mutations in tumor suppressors (like p53), and gain an ability to stimulate new blood vessel formation, and lack of density-dependent inhibition of growth.

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Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Meiosis, unlike mitosis, involves homologous chromosome separation. It results in haploid cells with a different gene combination compared to the initial cell.

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Meiosis II Homologous Chromosomes.

In meiosis II, each cell has 23 pairs of un-mixed chromosomes, not 2n = 46 pairs.

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Barr Bodies and Karyotypes

Observed Barr bodies (inactivated X chromosomes) in cells allow for determining a karyotype associated with an extra X chromosome and thus an extra Barr body.

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Meiosis Cell Becoming Haploid

Cells in Telophase II of meiosis become haploid, having half the number of chromosomes compared to the original cell.

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Study Notes

K101 Final Exam Study Guide

  • The final exam will consist of 90 questions.
  • 50 questions are worth 2 points each.
  • 40 questions are worth 1 point each.
  • A total of 140 points.
  • Students are encouraged to work in teams to determine the correct answers.

Unit 1: The Chemistry of Life -> Ch. 4 – Organic Molecules

  • Water molecule bonds: Polar covalent bonds connect hydrogen to oxygen.

  • Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments: Demonstrated the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules under early Earth conditions.

  • Four elements of life (carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen): Have the same number of valence electrons and are essential to life.

  • Functional groups: Specific groups of atoms with characteristic chemical reactions.

  • Examples of functional groups and their descriptions are provided in the document.

Ch. 5 - Macromolecules

  • Fatty acid modifications for solid triglycerides at warmer temperatures: Adding hydrogen atoms and trans double bonds.

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K101 Final Exam Study Guide SP21 PDF

Description

Prepare for the K101 final exam with this comprehensive study guide that covers essential concepts from Unit 1 and Chapters 4 and 5. Topics include the chemistry of life, functional groups, and macromolecules crucial for understanding organic chemistry. Collaborate with peers to enhance your understanding and tackle the final exam confidently.

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