Organic Chemistry: Carbon-Based Molecules and Carbohydrates
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Questions and Answers

What are the differences in carbon molecules?

Carbon molecules can have chains, double-bonds (which can vary in location), and rings.

What is the definition of isomers?

Isomers have the same molecular formulas but different structures. They can be different because of branching, which is when carbon skeletons might be unbranched or branched.

What are hydrocarbons composed of?

Hydrocarbons are composed of only carbon and hydrogen.

What is the chemical formula of a hydroxyl group?

<p>OH-</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula of an amino group?

<p>NH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula of a phosphate group?

<p>OPO3^2-</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula of a methyl group?

<p>CH3</p> Signup and view all the answers

Macromolecules are small molecules.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are polymers?

<p>Polymers are made from identical or similar building blocks strung together. When breaking apart polymers, a hydrolysis reaction is needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hydrolysis?

<p>Hydrolysis is a chemical process that splits a molecule by adding water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of carbohydrates?

<p>Carbohydrates range from small sugar molecules to large polysaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are monosaccharides?

<p>Simple sugars. Glucose, fructose, galactose. Main fuel molecules for the cell. Cells use glucose to release energy our cells use for many different things. Cells use the carbon skeletons of the monosaccharides as raw material for making other organic molecules such as amino acids and fatty acids. Building blocks of disaccharides and polysaccharides. A monomer is just the most basic unit of any polymer, while a monosaccharide is just the most basic unit of any carbohydrate polymer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are lipids?

<p>Lipids are diverse hydrophobic compounds composed largely of carbon and hydrogen. Composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unsaturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Saturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are phospholipids?

<p>Components of cell membranes. The phospholipid bilayer in a cell membrane is made up of a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are proteins?

<p>Proteins are involved in nearly every dynamic function in your body and are very diverse. They function as enzymes, storage in seeds, can receive signals, etc. They are composed of differing arrangements of a common set of just 20 amino acids. The function of different types of proteins depends on their shape. The main elements found in proteins are C, H, O, N, S. The main function is enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is denaturation?

<p>A protein unravels, loses its specific shape, and loses its function. Excessive heat can cause this to happen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is protein diversity based on?

<p>Different sequences of amino acids, monomers that contain an amino group, a carboxyl group, an H atom, and an R group, all attached to a central carbon. The R groups distinguish 20.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a peptide bond?

<p>Amino acid monomers are linked together in a dehydration reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a polypeptide?

<p>Chain of amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hydrophilic molecules are attracted to water.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four levels of structure of proteins?

<p>Primary: the sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds in its polypeptide chains, secondary: coiling or folding of the chain, stabilized by hydrogen bonds, tertiary: overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide, resulting from interactions among R groups, quaternary: proteins made of more than one polypeptide. The secondary structure gains its 3d shape from H bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are nucleotides?

<p>Monomers that make up nucleic acids. Composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Linked together, they form a single strand of the DNA and RNA molecule. The nitrogenous bases pair up with each other to join the two strands of DNA together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process where a molecule is split by adding water?

<p>Hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are bases in relation to DNA and RNA?

<p>The base adenine will only pair up with thymine, cytosine will only pair with guanine. A - T. C - G. and vice versa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is DNA?

<p>Controls inheritance by the type and order of base pairs in the molecule. Double-stranded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hydrocarbons

Molecules composed of only carbon and hydrogen.

Isomers

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures.

What are the differences in carbon molecules?

The differences in carbon molecules are due to chains, double-bonds (which can vary n location), and rings.

Hydroxyl group

OH-

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Carbonyl group

C=O

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Carboxyl group

COOH

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Amino group

NH2

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Phosphate group

OPO3^2-

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Methyl group

CH3

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Macromolecules

Extremely large molecules.

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Polymers

Made from identical or similar building blocks strung together. When breaking apart polymers, a hydrolysis reaction is needed.

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Monomers

Building blocks of polymers. Linked together to form polymers through dehydration reactions. Examples: glucose, fructose. Mono means one.

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Hydrolysis

A chemical process that splits a molecule by adding water.

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Enzymes

Specialized macromolecules that speed up reactions.

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Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates range from small sugar molecules to large polysaccharides.

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Monosaccharides

Simple sugars. Glucose, fructose, galactose. Main fuel molecules for the cell. Cells use glucose to release energy our cells use for many different things. Cells use the carbon skeletons of the monosaccharides as raw material for making other organic molecules such as amino acids and fatty acids. Building blocks of disaccharides and polysaccharides. A monomer is just the most basic unit of any polymer, while a monosaccharide is just the most basic unit of any carbohydrate polymer.

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Disaccharides

Most common disaccharide is sucrose, aka table sugar. Formed by two monosaccharides bonding to form a disaccharide in a dehydration reaction.

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Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides. Starch and glycogen are storage polysaccharides, cellulose is structural and found in plant cell walls, and chitin is a component of insect, crustacean, and fungal cell walls. Two main uses are storage and structure. Starch is the main energy source in plants and glycogen serves as energy storage in animals.

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Lipids

Lipids are diverse hydrophobic compounds composed largely of carbon and hydrogen. Composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

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Fats

Triglycerides that consist of glycerol and are linked to three fatty acids. Their main function is energy storage. You get double the energy from fat that you would from a carbohydrate. It cushions vital organs, insulates the body, and serves as long-term fuel in adipose cells. A saturated fat is solid at room temperature and an unsaturated fat is liquid at room temperature.

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Unsaturated fatty acids

Some fatty acids contain one or more double bonds, forming unsaturated fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids are typical of plant oils. The reason why an unsaturated fat is liquid is because there are some carbons that are double bonded causing a kink

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Saturated fatty acids

Fats with the maximum number of hydrogens. Found in animal fats.

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Phospholipids

Components of cell membranes. The phospholipid bilayer in a cell membrane is made up of a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.

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Steroids

Cholesterol and some hormones. Cholesterol is a common component in animal cell membranes and is also the precursor for making other steroids, including sex hormones.

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Proteins

Proteins are involved in nearly every dynamic function in your body and are very diverse. They function as enzymes, storage in seeds, can receive signals, etc. They are composed of differing arrangements of a common set of just 20 amino acids. The function of different types of proteins depends on their shape. The main elements found in proteins are C, H, O, N, S. The main function is enzymes.

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Denaturation

A protein unravels, loses its specific shape, and loses its function. Excessive heat can cause this to happen.

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Protein diversity is based on...

Protein diversity is based on different sequences of amino acids, monomers that contain an amino group, a carboxyl group, an H atom, and an R group, all attached to a central carbon. The R groups distinguish 20.

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Peptide bond

Amino acid monomers are linked together in a dehydration reaction.

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Polypeptide

Chain of amino acids.

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Hydrophilic

Attracted to water.

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Four levels of structure of proteins

Primary: the sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds in its polypeptide chains, secondary: coiling or folding of the chain, stabilized by hydrogen bonds, tertiary: overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide, resulting from interactions among R groups, quaternary: proteins made of more than one polypeptide. The secondary structure gains its 3d shape from H bonds

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Nucleotides

Monomers that make up nucleic acids. Composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Linked together, they form a single strand of the DNA and RNA molecule. The nitrogenous bases pair up with each other to join the two strands of DNA together.

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Bases

The base adenine will only pair up with thymine, cytosine will only pair with guanine. A - T. C - G. and vice versa

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DNA

Controls inheritance by the type and order of base pairs in the molecule. Double-stranded.

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RNA

A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages.

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Study Notes

Carbon-Based Molecules

  • Carbon forms diverse molecules due to its ability to form chains, double bonds, and rings.
  • Isomers have identical molecular formulas but different structures, differing potentially through branching.
  • Hydrocarbons consist only of carbon and hydrogen.
  • Functional groups are groups of atoms covalently attached to carbons that give organic molecules specific properties. These include hydroxyl (-OH), carbonyl (C=O), carboxyl (-COOH), amino (-NH2), phosphate (-OPO3^2-), and methyl (-CH3).
  • Macromolecules are large molecules.
  • Polymers are large molecules composed of repeating monomer units. Dehydration reactions link monomers, and hydrolysis reactions break them apart.
  • Monomers are the basic building blocks of polymers, for example, glucose and fructose.
  • Enzymes are specialized macromolecules that accelerate the rate of chemical reactions.

Carbohydrates

  • Carbohydrates range from simple sugars (monosaccharides) to complex polysaccharides.
  • Monosaccharides are simple sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose), providing energy for cells, and are the building blocks of other carbohydrates.
  • Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharides via dehydration reactions.
  • Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates consisting of many monosaccharides; examples include starch (plant energy storage), glycogen (animal energy storage), cellulose (plant cell walls), and chitin (exoskeletons).

Lipids

  • Lipids are hydrophobic molecules composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen.
  • Fats (triglycerides) are composed of glycerol and three fatty acids; their primary function is energy storage.
  • Saturated fatty acids have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and are typically solid at room temperature.
  • Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds, creating kinks and causing them to be liquid at room temperature.
  • Phospholipids are essential components of cell membranes, having a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.
  • Steroids like cholesterol are crucial components of cell membranes and precursors to other steroids.

Proteins

  • Proteins are highly diverse molecules performing various functions, including enzymes, storage, signaling, and more.
  • Proteins are composed of 20 types of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
  • The function of a given protein depends on its unique shape.
  • Protein denaturation occurs when a protein unravels and loses its structure and function due to environmental factors like heat.
  • Proteins have four levels of structure: primary (amino acid sequence), secondary (coiling or folding), tertiary (overall 3D shape), and quaternary (interactions between multiple polypeptides).

Nucleic Acids

  • Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids.
  • Nucleotides consist of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
  • DNA (double-stranded) stores genetic information in the sequence of base pairs.
  • RNA (single-stranded) carries out genetic messages.
  • Base pairing (A-T, C-G) is crucial for DNA's structure.

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Explore the fascinating world of carbon-based molecules and carbohydrates in this quiz. Test your knowledge on the structure and function of isomers, hydrocarbons, functional groups, and macromolecules like carbohydrates and enzymes. Understand the role of polymers and the biochemical processes involved in their formation and breakdown.

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