Questions and Answers
What is the term for a compound with a hydroxyl group (-OH)?
What is the term for a carbonyl group (C=O) at the end of a carbon chain?
What type of functional group is represented by R-CO-R' where R and R' are alkyl groups?
What is the priority order of functional groups?
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Which of the following is classified as a hydrocarbon with a single carbon atom?
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What is the definition of a Carboxylic acid?
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What characterizes an Amide?
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What is the significance of a Disulfide bond?
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What does the term Ether refer to?
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What characterizes a Thioester?
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Study Notes
Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry
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Alcohol: Organic compounds characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl (-OH) group.
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Aldehyde: Contains a carbonyl group (C=O) with a hydrogen atom attached, typically at the end of a carbon chain.
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Ketone: Features a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two carbon atoms, typically found within a carbon chain.
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Carboxylic Acid: Contains a carboxyl group (-COOH), exhibiting acidic properties due to the presence of the hydroxyl and carbonyl groups.
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Ester: Formed from a reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, characterized by the -COO- group.
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Amide: Derived from carboxylic acids where the -OH group is replaced by an amine or ammonia, featuring the -CONH2 group.
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Anhydride: Formed by the dehydration of two carboxylic acids, contains two acyl groups bound to the same oxygen atom.
Priority of Functional Groups
- Functional groups ranked in decreasing order of priority for naming:
- Carboxylic acid
- Anhydride
- Ester
- Amide
- Aldehyde
- Ketone
- Alcohol
- Alkene
- Alkyne
- Alkane
Common Alkyl and Acyclic Groups
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Methyl: A one-carbon (CH3) substituent derived from methane.
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Ethyl: A two-carbon (C2H5) substituent derived from ethane.
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Phenyl: A cyclic group derived from benzene, represented as C6H5; often reacts as an aromatic substituent.
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Acetyl: An important functional group derived from acetic acid, characterized by the -COCH3 structure.
Additional Functional Groups
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Enol: Contains a carbon-carbon double bond adjacent to a hydroxyl group; less stable than its keto form.
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Ether: Comprised of two alkyl or aryl groups connected through an oxygen atom (-R-O-R').
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Amino: Contains an amine group (-NH2), often a basic part of amino acids.
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Amido: Related to amides, where the functional group also includes an amine.
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Imine: Features a carbon-nitrogen double bond (C=N), formed by the condensation of an amine and a carbonyl compound.
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Schiff Base: A specific type of imine formed from the reaction of an amine and a carbonyl compound.
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Sulfhydryl: Contains a thiol group (-SH), important in the structure of some proteins and enzymes.
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Disulfide: Comprising two sulfhydryl groups that form a -S-S- bond, often found in protein structures.
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Thioester: Similar to esters, but with a sulfur atom in place of the oxygen; important in biochemical reactions.
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Phosphoryl: Involves a phosphorus atom bonded to oxygen atoms, key in energy transfer processes.
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Phosphoanhydride: Characterized by the bond between two phosphate groups, significant in ATP and energy metabolism.
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Test your knowledge of key functional groups in organic chemistry with these flashcards. Familiarize yourself with their definitions and classifications to prepare efficiently for the MCAT exam.
