Japanese, British, & European Political Unification & Economy

• Political unification in Japan from 1500-1800 was due to:
• Prolonged warfare ending with Hideyoshi
• Relatively small size
• A culturally homogenous population
• Natural boundaries
• During the Tokugawa Shogunate, rice served as the main form of economic exchange between lords and their followers
• The wealthy merchants in the Tokugawa era weakened centralized economic policies

East Asia in a Global Perspective (Ch. 21)

• In the China trade, European merchants considered it second in importance only to the Southeast Asian spice trade
• To gain converts, Jesuits compromised on religious teachings by tolerating Confucian ancestor worship
• By the 18th century, the Jesuit presence declined and Chinese emperors persecuted Christians
• Japan welcomed and closely regulated traders from Portugal, Spain, Netherlands, and England
• Warlords called daimyo fought with western firearms in 1543
• Christianity was banned in 1614, leading to persecution that began in 1617 and lasted until 1633, with the Dutch allowed only in Nagasaki
• Japan's smaller size, homogenous population and natural boundaries made political unification more achievable
• The Ashikaga Shogunate weakened after the Onin War
• Tokugawa Ieyasu asserted his domination and the shoguns created a new capital at Edo
• Lords received incomes locally in rice, paying followers in rice that recipients turned into cash, leading to rice exchanges at Edo and Osaka where merchants speculated on prices
• Wealthy merchants allied with regional daimyo effectively weakening the Tokugawa's control over commerce
• The Qing were reluctant to grant too much access to Europeans, restricting trade to Canton

Early Industrial Revolution (Ch. 22)

• From 1650 to 1850, Europe's population grew from 100 million to 255 million, with increased urbanization
• The agricultural revolution had begun before the 19th century
• New crops like the potato were introduced from South America in the 16th century
• Rich landowners improved soil and livestock through enclosure, impoverishing the rural poor
• By the 19th century, over 20,000 people per year emigrated from the British Isles to North America
• Investors relocated textile production from guild-dominated cities to utilize lower-cost rural labor
• European governments invested in transportation and promoted foreign trade
• Private turnpike trusts were formed due to the neglect of long-distance roads in Britain, which built toll roads
• Britain had a skilled craft tradition and was the top exporter of tools, guns, hardware, and clocks
• Britain's commercial culture had strong banks, joint-stock companies, a stock market, and commercial insurance
• Pottery offered a good example of mass production
• Wedgwood cheaply produced ordinary porcelain through division of labor
• Alessandro Volta invented the battery in 1800, enabling electric current production for communication

Other points

• North Americans seized land from native peoples making it available to farmers and logging companies
• Adam Smith advocated for free-market capitalism, challenging mercantilism
• The agricultural revolution led to European population growth via new crops, a class of landless laborers, improved livestock, and the wealthy taking over communal lands
• The largest merchant marine, high commercial activity, high standard of living, and involvement in production gave Britain a "head start" on the Industrial Revolution
• Promotion of private investment in industry building stimulated European economies
• Cotton became the most valuable crop in the Americas due to the industrialization of Britain
• Factory owners preferred to hire women during the Industrial Revolution because they "were cheaper to hire and more obedient"
• Working-class children were unable to attend school in the 1700s due to poverty

Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World (Ch. 23)

• John Hancock protested the Townshend Acts because the taxes imposed upon the Parent country and the colonies were equally detrimental to commerical interests
• Patrick Henry's speech aimed to organize a volunteer company of cavalry or infantry in every Virginia county
• He felt without consent, the taxes were unjust and oppressive
• Taxes maintained civil government in the colonies, the military, and the parent country
• "Free people" experienced unfair tax, discrimination, and had their things illegally seized
• Henry's speech tone was emotional and strong
• Henry advocated for Virginia's leading for independence

French Revolution

• 1789: The start of French Revolution because of the poor French government
• 1763 The French and Indian War was the North American theater of the Seven Years' War.
• Enlightenment movement State of France.
• Estates-General Convocation was held but Clergy (0.5%), nobility (1.5%), and everyone else (98%) had the same number of representatives so The Third Estate insisted on at least 600.

### Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)

• Simon Bolivar fought with Venezuela and was of mostly Spanish descent and born in the New World.
• 1700s, intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment movement which had widespread publications
• Liberty is a gift from heaven, and each individual of the same species has the right to enjoy it as soon as he enjoys the use of reason
• The French Revolution, and Napoleon Bonaparte's control had a huge influence on the rich French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue
• Saint Domingue prodced 40% of the world's sugar and %50 of the world's coffee
• The population was mostly gens that are “de couleur libres” (free people of color)

Other Information

• Toussaint Louverture led to the defeat of Napoleon and reestablished French control
• Dessalines defeated the French, declared the island of ant-Domingue independent, and renamed it Haiti in 1804
• There were also other revolts led by leaders, such as, Toussaint Derda
• Haitians stood up for the idea that none should be slaves more than others and vodou was widely practiced among the slaves
• In the Seven Year's War, France fought for The North American state.
• In 1673, Seven Years' War was really the same thing as the French and Indian War
• It is said that the people in the French Revolution had extravagance and “poor government”
• The similarities between the American, Haitian, and French revolutions were based on the anger of people, the pursuit of liberty, and extreme levels of violence.
• The French wanted better lives, The Americans wanted freedom, and the Haitians wanted freedom.
• As such, these revolutions were different as American lasted 23 years, French lasted 16, and Haitian lasted 13
• The reasons why these people revolted was the fact they were against the system and the environment. Also, there was a major impact in poverty, class, and freedom

Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism (Ch. 24)

• The most violent and persistent opposition came from the Janissary military corp
• Greek independence in 1830 had dramatic international significance
• Victory was assured when the combined squadrons of the British, French, and Russian fleets helped
• The Crimean War raged in Romania, on the Black Sea, and on the Crimean peninsula with the first railroad build by Tsar Nicholas
• Serfs were preferred over factory workers, and payment was done by imports and exports of grain and timber
• Alexander ll reforms were the emancipation of Serfs in 1861 and modernized new businesses
• The Qung law banned opium imports in 1729
• Britain considered opium importation an intolerable limitation
• War broke out when Quing officials and British Representatives reached a stalemate
• Muhammad Ali rose and became the leader of Egypt after the failure of the French, Mamluk, and Ottoman empires
• Russian government viewed industrialization with limited interest, preferring to import industrial goods

Economic Transformations in the Americas (Ch. 25)

• Core issues like abolition, integration of slaves, immigration, and polarizing political views drove regional issues.
• Slavery was the strongest in agricultural economics while universal ideas of freedom and liberty were severely limited
• Because after 1804 Northern states got rid of it, and no longer needed it, they terminated it in 1808.
• The amount of Slaves in the south made up 33% and with 4 million in the US 1860 Literacy wasn't allowed as well as forced family separation and the permission of rape and killing
• The abolitionist movement  gained a reputation in 1830-1860

Additional Points on this

• The Taiping Rebellion was considered the world's bloodiest war
• The treatment of Native Americans reflected American treatment at the same time
• With thousands emigrating to the Cari immigrants, thousands of indentured laborers faced discrmination
• All but the US suffered failed constitutions, divided regions & ideologies
• US, Canada, Peru, Mexica, Cuba European immigrants often faced the same issues. Anti-immigrants rhetoric remains a reality today. All new Western nation grew from their tradition.
• Immigrants in the Western Hemisphere went to regions that didn’t include slavery

Key Study Points

• Impacts from Enlightenment
• Causes & effects of revolutions from 1750-1900
• Emerging nationalism

Questions about key events in Japanese, British, and European political and economic history. Focus on the Tokugawa Shogunate, British industrial revolution and European economic policies.