IPC Final Exam Review: Solids, Liquids, Gases

Module 14: Solids, Liquids, and Gases

• Kinetic theory is a key concept in understanding Solids, Liquids, and Gases
• Melting and boiling points are important temperatures to know for different substances
• Heat of fusion and vaporization are types of energy transfers related to phase changes
• Sublimation is the process of a solid changing directly into a gas
• Plasma is a high-energy state of matter
• Thermal expansion is the increase in volume of a substance with an increase in temperature
• Buoyancy and pressure are related to fluids
• Viscosity is the measure of a fluid's resistance to flow
• Boyle's and Charles's laws are important gas laws to know

Module 15: Classification of Matter

• A substance is a pure sample of matter with fixed composition
• Elements are the simplest form of matter with unique properties
• Compounds are composed of two or more different elements
• Mixtures are composed of two or more substances that are not chemically combined
• Suspensions and colloids are types of heterogeneous mixtures
• The Tyndall effect is the scattering of light by small particles
• Solutions are homogeneous mixtures with uniform composition
• Physical changes involve a change in state, but not composition
• Chemical properties are characteristics of a substance that describe its ability to undergo a specific chemical change
• Chemical changes involve a change in composition

Module 17: Elements and Their Properties

• Metals are a class of elements with characteristic properties
• Malleability is the ability of a metal to be shaped into thin sheets
• Ductility is the ability of a metal to be stretched into thin wires
• Metallic bonding is the type of bonding that occurs between metal atoms
• Radioactive elements are unstable and undergo radioactive decay
• Transition elements are metals that can form ions with different charges
• Nonmetals are a class of elements with different properties
• Metalloids are elements that exhibit intermediate properties between metals and nonmetals
• Allotropes are different forms of an element with different physical properties
• Semiconductors are materials with intermediate conductivity between metals and nonmetals

Module 18: Chemical Bonds

• Chemical formulas are used to represent the composition of a compound
• Chemical bonds are the attractive forces that hold atoms together
• Ions are atoms or groups of atoms with an electric charge
• Ionic and covalent bonds are two types of chemical bonds
• Molecules are groups of atoms bonded together
• Polar and nonpolar bonds/molecules have different properties
• Oxidation number is a number that represents the number of electrons gained or lost by an atom
• Binary compounds are composed of two different elements
• Hydrates are compounds that contain water molecules
• Chemical reactions involve the transformation of one or more substances into new substances
• Chemical equations are representations of chemical reactions
• Coefficients are used to balance chemical equations
• Moles and molar mass are used to quantify the amount of a substance
• Types of reactions include combustion, single displacement, and others