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Questions and Answers

What are the common signs and symptoms associated with measles?

  • Pyrexia, lymphadenopathy, Kolpik's spots (correct)
  • Nasal congestion, rash, fatigue
  • Pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, vomiting
  • Sore throat, abdominal pain, dehydration

    • Which complication is commonly associated with measles?

  • Meningitis
  • Scarlet fever
  • Pneumonia (correct)
  • Dermatophytosis

    • In the context of whooping cough, what is the recommended mode of treatment?

  • Oral antivirals
  • Hospitalization and maintaining airway (correct)
  • Home remedies and rest
  • Topical antibiotics

    • What is the typical transmission method for the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)?

    <p>Direct contact and droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key symptoms of scarlet fever?

    <p>Sore throat with rash and tongue changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of measles?

    <p>Auscultation of wheezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What preventive measure is crucial for measles?

    <p>Vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation period for whooping cough?

    <p>7-10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method allows for the measurement of protein expression through specific antibody binding?

    <p>Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using direct ELISA over other techniques?

    <p>Simplified procedure and minimized cross-reactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In flow cytometry, how is the size of cells primarily measured?

    <p>By forward scattered light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of fluorescent labels in flow cytometry?

    <p>To bind to specific proteins and emit detectable light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) from traditional flow cytometry?

    <p>FACS sorts cells into specific groups based on detected properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication associated with immunodeficiency in cases of herpes simplex virus infections?

    <p>Increased frequency of symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about varicella treatment is correct?

    <p>Acyclovir can be used for severe cases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for infective mononucleosis?

    <p>Infected saliva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is commonly associated with epidemic parotitis (mumps)?

    <p>Bilateral parotitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential serious complication of varicella?

    <p>Pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a common sign or symptom of infective mononucleosis?

    <p>Bilateral parotitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What preventive measure is recommended for mumps?

    <p>Vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a serious complication of infective mononucleosis?

    <p>Lymphoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The transmission of varicella can occur through which method?

    <p>Direct contact with broken blisters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of viral infections, which condition is associated with a rash progression of macules to vesicles?

    <p>Varicella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parasitic infection is NOT mentioned as a cause of meningitis?

    <p>Amoebic meningoencephalitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is associated with increased intracranial pressure in meningitis?

    <p>Confusion or altered mental state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which preventive measure is NOT advised for sepsis?

    <p>Taking antibiotics prophylactically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a typical sign of sepsis in infants?

    <p>Rapid heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary treatment method for severe meningitis cases?

    <p>Lumbar puncture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is particularly characterized by stiff neck and unresponsiveness?

    <p>Meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can meningitis be effectively prevented?

    <p>Vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common risk factor is associated with increased severity of sepsis?

    <p>Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT indicative of sepsis?

    <p>Increased appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of care is typically required for a patient diagnosed with severe sepsis?

    <p>ICU and ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2?

    <p>Contact with herpetic lesions and secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with an initial infection of Herpes Simplex Virus?

    <p>Excessive sweating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the incubation period for Herpes Simplex Virus typically range from?

    <p>4 to 12 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about transmission of Herpes Simplex Virus is true?

    <p>Transmission can occur from asymptomatic individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms might indicate the initial infection of Herpes Simplex Virus?

    <p>Lymphadenopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common sign of Herpes Simplex Virus infection in children?

    <p>Cold sores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario might children indicate potential sexual abuse regarding HSV transmission?

    <p>If they show signs of genital herpes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do primary antibodies play in an Indirect ELISA?

    <p>They are responsible for signal amplification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant limitation of a Sandwich ELISA?

    <p>Antigens must have at least two antibody binding sites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common limitation across different blotting techniques?

    <p>They can result in low specificity of target detection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms is NOT associated with causing meningitis?

    <p>Escherichia coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common method of treatment for a scalp infection that results in oozing and blistering?

    <p>Topical antifungal cream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the treatment of sepsis, which of the following is NOT a typical intervention?

    <p>Lumbar puncture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option correctly describes one of the signs and symptoms of meningitis in infants?

    <p>Arching of the back</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which preventive measure is essential to reduce the risk of scalp infections?

    <p>Frequent handwashing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of using fluorescent labels in flow cytometry?

    <p>To enhance the detection of specific proteins or molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key benefit of using direct ELISA compared to traditional ELISA methods?

    <p>It requires fewer reagents and steps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is primarily used to visualize the anatomical location of specific proteins within a sample?

    <p>Immunocytochemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In flow cytometry, how is the granularity of cells determined?

    <p>By measuring side scattered light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique utilizes electric charges to separate cells after analyzing their features?

    <p>Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FAC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following techniques is used for detecting multiple targets in a small sample volume?

    <p>Multiplexing techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'internalization' refer to in the context of protein expression analysis?

    <p>The process by which proteins enter the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does mass spectrometry play in proteomics?

    <p>It identifies and quantifies proteins from complex mixtures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication is least commonly associated with infective mononucleosis?

    <p>Reye's syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is least effective for severe cases of varicella?

    <p>Calamine lotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is most characteristic of viral exanthems such as varicella?

    <p>Oral unilateral vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition has the shortest incubation period among those listed?

    <p>Scarlet fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is not recommended for preventing the transmission of mumps?

    <p>Avoiding raw eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viral infections is least likely to cause neurological complications?

    <p>Infective mononucleosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recognized complication of Whooping cough?

    <p>Otitis media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the transmission of RSV is accurate?

    <p>It can be transmitted via droplets and direct contact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary complication associated with immunodeficiency in herpes simplex infections?

    <p>Meningoencephalitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common symptom distinguishes mumps from other viral infections?

    <p>Bilateral parotitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among the listed symptoms, which one is distinctive to measles?

    <p>Kolpik's spots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment method is commonly used for complications associated with scarlet fever?

    <p>Antibiotic therapy with penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication is directly associated with varicella infection?

    <p>Pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment method is least suitable for managing symptoms of enteroviral vesicular stomatitis?

    <p>Acyclovir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the signs and symptoms of dermatophytosis?

    <p>Round, ring-shaped silvery lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which preventive measure is specific to measles and not applicable to other conditions listed?

    <p>Vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary transmission method for varicella?

    <p>Airborne droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which incubation period range is associated with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)?

    <p>2-8 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom might be observed in a person with Whooping cough during the coughing episode?

    <p>Rapid heartbeat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions requires hospitalization for treatment?

    <p>Whooping cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major limitation of using Multiplex methods in assays?

    <p>High cost of implementation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which methodology allows for the detection of specific proteins via labeled antibodies?

    <p>Western blotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is essential for antigen recognition in a Sandwich ELISA?

    <p>Presence of at least two antibody binding sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During PCR, which stage is primarily responsible for separating the DNA strands?

    <p>Denaturing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a noted drawback of using competitive ELISA for analysis?

    <p>Lower overall sensitivity and specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a consequence of contamination during PCR?

    <p>Problems with non-specific primer binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does mass spectrometry primarily function in molecular analysis?

    <p>By measuring mass to charge ratios of molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of microscopy is enhanced through fluorescence in-situ hybridization?

    <p>Ability to visualize multiple targets simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects a disadvantage of Western blotting?

    <p>It is associated with a high probability of assay interference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition might trigger health professionals to suspect potential sexual abuse in children regarding HSV transmission?

    <p>Contact with herpetic lesions or oral secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Investigation Techniques

    • Nucleic Acids:
      • In situ hybridization
      • PCR
      • Electrophoresis (Northern/Southern blots)
      • Mass Spectrometry (DNA + RNA sequencing)
    • Proteins:
      • Immunostaining
      • Flow cytometry
      • Fluorescence-activated cell sorting
      • Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
      • Electrophoresis (Western blots)
      • Mass spectrometry (proteomics)
    • Immunocytochemistry:
      • Anatomically visualize protein/antigen location using antibodies
      • Flow cytometry
    • Flow Cytometry (Cells in Fluid):
      • Cells suspended in liquid are directed to pass through a laser one at a time.
      • Laser light scattering measured: size (forward scattered light), and granularity/complexity (side scattered light).
    • Fluorescent Labels in Flow Cytometry:
      • Fluorescent markers that bind to proteins/molecules are excited by a laser.
      • Emitted light is detected to determine cell properties (size, shape, markers).
      • Data analysis is used to process signals.
    • Flow Cytometry Data Analysis:
      • Analyzing cell properties such as size, shape and expression of markers
    • Flow Cytometry (FACS):
      • Pass cells one by one through a laser beam to detect properties via light scattering and fluorescence.
      • Sort cells based on characteristics (size, shape, fluorescent markers) using electric charges.
      • Collect sorted cells into separate containers.
    • ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay):
      • Measures protein expression, secretion and binding using antibody-specific binding.
      • Additional prep techniques like centrifugation, fractionation and lysis enhance internal protein detection in suspensions
      • Multiplexing techniques detect multiple targets in a single small sample volume.
    • ELISA Types
      • Direct ELISA: Uses labeled primary antibodies, is efficient and avoids secondary antibody cross-reactivity but is expensive.
      • Indirect ELISA: Uses secondary antibodies to amplify signals (increases sensitivity).
      • Sandwich ELISA: High specificity because antigen is sandwiched by two antibodies.
      • Competitive ELISA: Relatively insensitive and can be used with crude/impure samples
      • Multiplex ELISA: Measures multiple targets simultaneously (high specificity, efficient and economical).

    PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

    • DNA/RNA amplification using complementary primers.
    • Denaturing, annealing, extension process.
    • Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) measures mRNA levels.
    • Isolation of mRNA -> reverse-transcribed into complementary DNA -> transcription binding dye -> amplification

    Other Techniques

    • Blotting Techniques (e.g., Western Blotting):

      • Transfer of separated nucleic acids or proteins to a membrane.
      • Western blotting uses labelled antibodies to detect target molecules.
      • DNA/RNA probes, luminescence, fluorescence, or radioactivity used for detection.

    • Mass Spectrometry:

      • Sorts molecules based on mass-to-charge ratio.
      • Analysis of whole cells, intracellular/extracellular proteins, specific targeting.
      • Provides information on protein folding, structure and function.

    • Microscopy (Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization):

      • Fluorescence to visualize DNA/RNA in situ.

    Other information

    • Limitations of some techniques include contamination, non-specific primer binding and amplification of multiple products.

    • Electrophoresis sorts molecules based on size and charge.

    • Blotting: technique transfers separated molecules to a membrane.

    • Additional notes: Different types of ELISA, and PCR are used for various purposes, with different strengths and limitations.

    • Additional notes: Specific diseases like Herpex Simplex (HSV) with incubation periods, transmission, symptoms, treatment, and prevention methods are included.

    • Additional notes: Information on investigations involving different viruses (e.g., Varicella; Enterovirus), are provided including transmission, incubation, signs/symptoms and treatment.

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    Laboratory Techniques: Investigation Methods PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers various investigation techniques used in molecular biology, including methods for analyzing nucleic acids and proteins. Topics such as PCR, electrophoresis, and flow cytometry are discussed to deepen your understanding of biological research techniques. Test your knowledge on how these methods contribute to biological discoveries.

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