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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of defensins in the intestinal microbiome?
What is the primary role of defensins in the intestinal microbiome?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with the rectal mucosa?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with the rectal mucosa?
What is the approximate balance of bacteria to human cells in the human microbiome?
What is the approximate balance of bacteria to human cells in the human microbiome?
Which cells are primarily found in both the penis and vagina epithelium?
Which cells are primarily found in both the penis and vagina epithelium?
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Which function does the Pentraxin protein family NOT perform?
Which function does the Pentraxin protein family NOT perform?
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What is one of the consequences of the imbalance of bacteria in the microbiome?
What is one of the consequences of the imbalance of bacteria in the microbiome?
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How are Pentraxin proteins described structurally?
How are Pentraxin proteins described structurally?
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What role does the microbiome play in relation to immune cells?
What role does the microbiome play in relation to immune cells?
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What types of granules do neutrophils primarily contain?
What types of granules do neutrophils primarily contain?
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Which enzyme is involved in the production of radical oxidative species (ROS) in neutrophils?
Which enzyme is involved in the production of radical oxidative species (ROS) in neutrophils?
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What role does C3b play in the process of phagocytosis by neutrophils?
What role does C3b play in the process of phagocytosis by neutrophils?
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What happens to the materials obtained from the degradation of pathogens during phagocytosis?
What happens to the materials obtained from the degradation of pathogens during phagocytosis?
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What primarily causes cell damage in the case of pathogenic bacteria that secrete exotoxins?
What primarily causes cell damage in the case of pathogenic bacteria that secrete exotoxins?
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What mechanism allows neutrophils to monitor changes within the organism effectively?
What mechanism allows neutrophils to monitor changes within the organism effectively?
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Which of the following components are found in the primary granules of neutrophils?
Which of the following components are found in the primary granules of neutrophils?
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Which of the following diseases is primarily associated with endotoxins?
Which of the following diseases is primarily associated with endotoxins?
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What is the primary function of defensins within the neutrophil granules?
What is the primary function of defensins within the neutrophil granules?
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How do viruses spread after infecting a host cell?
How do viruses spread after infecting a host cell?
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What is a consequence of an overstimulated immune response due to pathogen infection?
What is a consequence of an overstimulated immune response due to pathogen infection?
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Which of the following correctly describes neutrophil extravasation?
Which of the following correctly describes neutrophil extravasation?
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What distinguishes exotoxins from endotoxins?
What distinguishes exotoxins from endotoxins?
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In what situation can normally non-harmful bacteria become dangerous to an individual?
In what situation can normally non-harmful bacteria become dangerous to an individual?
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What defines the condition of autoimmune reaction in the context of pathogen infection?
What defines the condition of autoimmune reaction in the context of pathogen infection?
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Which immune response can lead to harmful effects against the body itself?
Which immune response can lead to harmful effects against the body itself?
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What primary function does mucus serve in the bronchial mucosa?
What primary function does mucus serve in the bronchial mucosa?
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Which type of cell is primarily responsible for producing the mucus in the digestive tract?
Which type of cell is primarily responsible for producing the mucus in the digestive tract?
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What is the role of Paneth cells in the digestive tract?
What is the role of Paneth cells in the digestive tract?
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Which of the following cells is NOT typically found in the bronchial mucosa?
Which of the following cells is NOT typically found in the bronchial mucosa?
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What type of immune cells are primarily abundant in the bronchial mucosa?
What type of immune cells are primarily abundant in the bronchial mucosa?
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What distinguishes α-defensins from β-defensins?
What distinguishes α-defensins from β-defensins?
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What is the primary function of Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) in the digestive tract?
What is the primary function of Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) in the digestive tract?
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Which cells are involved in the direct lysis of various pathogens through the production of defensins?
Which cells are involved in the direct lysis of various pathogens through the production of defensins?
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What is the origin of the word 'immunity'?
What is the origin of the word 'immunity'?
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What significant discovery did Edward Jenner make in relation to immunology?
What significant discovery did Edward Jenner make in relation to immunology?
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Which of the following statements about antibodies is accurate?
Which of the following statements about antibodies is accurate?
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In what year did Robert Koch propose the theory of microbes?
In what year did Robert Koch propose the theory of microbes?
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What was observed in people who survived the first encounter with the plague, according to early writings?
What was observed in people who survived the first encounter with the plague, according to early writings?
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What primary role do antigens play in the immune system?
What primary role do antigens play in the immune system?
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What major breakthrough in immunology is associated with Edward Jenner?
What major breakthrough in immunology is associated with Edward Jenner?
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Why is the concept of immunity historically significant in the context of epidemics?
Why is the concept of immunity historically significant in the context of epidemics?
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Which of the following types of macrophages are found in the lungs?
Which of the following types of macrophages are found in the lungs?
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What is a primary characteristic of tissue macrophages regarding their lifespan?
What is a primary characteristic of tissue macrophages regarding their lifespan?
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Which function is NOT typically performed by tissue macrophages?
Which function is NOT typically performed by tissue macrophages?
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Which receptor function is associated with the role of macrophages in immunology?
Which receptor function is associated with the role of macrophages in immunology?
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What is the role of cytokines produced by tissue macrophages?
What is the role of cytokines produced by tissue macrophages?
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Which of the following describes the scavenger function of tissue macrophages?
Which of the following describes the scavenger function of tissue macrophages?
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Which type of macrophage is primarily associated with the central nervous system?
Which type of macrophage is primarily associated with the central nervous system?
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Which of the following statements about macrophages is false?
Which of the following statements about macrophages is false?
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Study Notes
Introduction to the Immune Response
- The immune system regulates body health and conditions.
- Studying the immune system's molecular and genetic functions helps understand other biological processes.
- A table lists Nobel Prize winners for related research.
Nobel Prizes
- Emil von Behring (1901): antitoxin (diphtheria)
- Robert Koch (1905): cell reactivity in TBC
- Elia Metchinikoff & Paul Ehrlich (1908): phagocytosis in host defense
- Paul Richet (1913): anaphylaxis
- Jules Bordet (1919): complement system
- Karl Landsteiner (1930): blood groups
- Max Theiler (1951): yellow fever vaccine
- Daniel Bovet (1957): anti-histamines
- F. Macfarlane Burnet & Peter Medawar (1960): immunological tolerance
- Gerald Edelman & Rodney Porter (1972): antibody structure
- Rosalyn Yalow (1977): RIA
- George Snell, Jean Dausset & Baruj Benacerraf (1980): MHC
- George Koehler, Cesar Milstein & Niels Jerne (1984): monoclonal antibodies
- Susumu Tonegawa (1987): Ig rearrangement
- E. Donald Thomas & Joseph Murray (1990): transplant immunity
- Peter Doherty, Rolf Zinkernagel & Bruce Beutler (1996): MHC restriction (details for the other prizes are not included in the provided text)
- Jules Hoffmann & Bruce Beutler (2011): innate immunity activation
- Ralph M Steinman & James P Allison (2018): control of the negative regulation of the adaptive immune response
- Tasuku Honjo (2018): DC and adaptive response
History of Immunology
- Immunity (resistance to disease) was understood as early as the 16th century.
- Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccination experiment (1796) is the beginning of modern immunology.
- Robert Koch's theory of microbes (1884) linked germs to disease.
- Louis Pasteur's attenuated bacterial vaccines (1880s) further developed the principle of vaccination.
Why an Immune System?
- Humans live in environments full of microbes.
- The immune system maintains a healthy internal equilibrium.
- A balance of health conditions is necessary in order to allow an efficient immune response.
How Microbes Colonize
- Pathogens employ various strategies to enter and colonize the body.
- Extracellular pathogens proliferate in body fluids, then potentially enter bloodstream and spread.
- Intracellular pathogens require host cell entry for replication and spread.
- Pathogens can damage cells via exotoxins (secreted) and endotoxins (part of the cell).
- Viruses, some bacteria kill cells when replicating within them.
- Immune responses to the infection might sometimes be deregulated, causing inflammation or autoimmune dysfunction.
Two Types of Immune Response
- Immune responses can be broadly categorised into cell-mediated and humoral immunity.
- These responses work in conjunction.
- Innate immunity involves quick, nonspecific responses while adaptive immunity involves specific, slower responses.
- The interaction between the innate and adaptive responses is necessary for an effective immune response to a pathogen.
Innate Immune Response
- The first line of defense against pathogens is the innate response; these are cells that exist inside the body from birth.
- These cells recognize common pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPS).
- This response is immediate and non-specific, not focused on a particular pathogen.
- Recognizes when cells are damaged.
- Anatomical barriers such as skin and mucosae are the first defense.
- Activated innate cells (for example, dendritic cells, macrophages, and neutrophils and natural killer cells) rapidly kill invaders.
Adaptive Immune Response
- Adaptive immunity is a slower, more tailored response to specific pathogens.
- Adaptive cells include B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes.
- B lymphocytes create antibodies to target specific invaders, a humoral response.
- T lymphocytes directly kill infected or abnormal cells.
- The body can "remember" past invaders, allowing faster and more effective responses to repeat exposures.
- The innate and adaptive systems work together to eradicate pathogens efficiently.
- Lymphocytes recognize specific antigens. This is called a specific immune response.
General features of adaptive immune cells
- Adaptive cells are specific to a certain pathogen
- B and T lymphocytes
- They have memory of exposures to the pathogen
- Highly diverse populations to efficiently respond to many possible pathogens
- They are effective when they encounter the same pathogen again
Function of the three different immune responses (innate, adaptive and complement)
- Innate response quickly initiates defense through immediate reaction against a broad range of pathogens.
- Adaptive response develops a highly specific response after initial encounter and provides long lasting immunity.
- Complement system works in conjunction with the innate and adaptive responses efficiently attacking and eliminating pathogens.
The Innate cells and their functions
- Basophils, mast cells (they are granular leukocytes present in the tissue). Their functions are characterized by the secretion of highly reactive mediators that cause an important reaction of the vascular system
- Neutrophils, they are characterized by the ability to rapidly kill and eliminate pathogens
- Monocytes, they are responsible for phagocytosis and antigen presentation
- Eosinophils, they are important to kill parasites and to inhibit the allergic response
- Dendritic cells, they are responsible for antigen presentation and initiation in adaptive immune responses in the periphery.
- Macrophages, they are responsible for the phagocytosis and antigen presentation
- Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs): They are a diverse subset of innate lymphocytes that contribute to immunity.
The Immune System and Homeostasis
- The immune system is vital for maintaining homeostasis.
- It responds to injury, infection, and stress in the body through a highly regulated immune system.
- The balance between the pathogen's virulence and the effectiveness of the immune system is critical.
- Disruptions to this balance can lead to disease.
Protection from the Environment
- Physical and chemical barriers protect the body from environmental threats.
- Skin and mucosae have features to resist microbial invasion.
- Internal molecules and peptides also act to defend body from damage by microbes.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of the immune response, including its regulation of body health and the molecular and genetic functions involved. Additionally, it highlights significant Nobel Prize winners who contributed to our understanding of immunology and related research areas. Test your knowledge on these pivotal discoveries.
