Introduction to Statistics

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary meaning of the term 'statistics' in its singular form?

A political state analysis

The practice of estimations

The science of statistical methods (correct)

A collection of random numbers

Which statement best describes a characteristic of statistics?

Statistics are exclusive to individual data points

Statistics can be derived from personal anecdotes

Statistics are primarily based on qualitative data

Statistics should be collected systematically for a specific purpose (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of statistics?

Aggregate of facts

Dependent on individual cases (correct)

Affected by a multiplicity of causes

Numerically expressed

According to A.L. Bowley, statistics may be referred to as the science of which of the following?

Counting and averages Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects the dual nature of the term 'statistics'?

It can refer to numerical data or the science behind it. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'enumerated or estimated' indicate in relation to statistics?

Statistics should involve approximate counts or estimates. Signup and view all the answers

In which way are statistics affected?

Statistics are significantly influenced by a variety of causes. Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the collection process of statistics?

It must be systematic and purposeful. Signup and view all the answers

What can be classified as statistics?

The total number of accidents in a month Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an influencing factor on statistical data?

Personal opinions of consumers Signup and view all the answers

What type of data constitutes statistics?

Numerically expressed data Signup and view all the answers

How can numerical data be obtained in a large field of enquiry?

By estimation Signup and view all the answers

What is a reasonable standard of accuracy for measurement?

Ignoring fractions for large distances Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements is true about qualitative characteristics?

They cannot be measured numerically Signup and view all the answers

Why is a simple count inadequate for representing statistics?

It cannot capture broader trends Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of statistical data does not require precision?

Weight measurements of individual students Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to collect statistical data systematically?

To avoid wastage of resources such as energy and money. Signup and view all the answers

What should be known prior to collecting statistical data?

The predetermined purpose of the data collection. Signup and view all the answers

Why is homogeneity important in statistical comparisons?

It helps in increasing the validity of the collected data. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects the role of statistics in industry?

Helping maintain records of various business functions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of collecting unnecessary data?

Inflating national income statistics. Signup and view all the answers

How does statistics facilitate decision-making in business?

By analyzing past performance and making forecasts. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect should be ignored when comparing statistical data from different categories?

The underlying phenomena being measured. Signup and view all the answers

What is one method that statistics provides for industries?

Determining optimal purchasing and production schedules. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Statistics

Originates from Latin 'Status', Italian 'Statistika', German 'Statistik', implying a political state.
Initially concerned with facts and figures vital for state administration.
Considered a by-product of administrative functions, useful for problem-solving of governmental issues.
"Statistics" has plural and singular meanings:
- Plural: a set of numerical data.
- Singular: the science of statistical methods for data collection, analysis, and inference.

Definition of Statistics

Defined as the science involving collection, classification, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of numerical data.
A.L. Bowley describes it as the science of counting and averages.
Boddington refers to it as the science of estimates and probabilities.

Characteristics of Statistics

Aggregate of Facts:
- Statistics pertains to groups rather than individual events; e.g., total accidents over time rather than a single event.
Influenced by Multiple Causes:
- Data is affected by various factors; for example, a decrease in sales can result from supply issues, market conditions, and consumer preferences.
Numerically Expressed:
- Only numerical data count as statistics; qualitative characteristics like beauty or intelligence are not classified as statistics.
Enumerated or Estimated:
- Data can be collected through enumeration for small populations or estimation for larger ones.
Standard of Accuracy:
- Data collection should adhere to an acceptable accuracy level, with some flexibility depending on context.
Systematic Collection for a Purpose:
- Data must be gathered methodically aligned with a predetermined goal to prevent misinformation and maximize relevance.
Relational Context:
- Statistical data should be compared meaningfully, ensuring they relate to the same phenomenon; comparing different attributes yields meaningless results.

Scope of Statistics

Statistical Role in Industry:
- Vital for record-keeping in various business processes like inventory, production, and marketing.
- Assists in strategic decisions, including raw material purchase timings and production scheduling.
Benefits for Commerce and Business:
- Enhances decision-making processes and performance evaluations, thus improving overall operational efficiency.

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Description

This quiz covers the foundational concepts of statistics as introduced in Unit I. Learn about the origin of the word statistics and its relevance to state understanding and administration. Explore how statistics emerged as a tool for solving state-related problems and its significance in various applications.