Introduction to Psychology - Learning
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes primary emotions?

  • Emotions that are learned and vary among cultures.
  • Emotions with universal biological bases. (correct)
  • Emotions that can only be recognized through verbal expressions.
  • Emotions that exclusively depend on individual thought processes.

    • What role does the amygdala play in emotional responses?

  • Controlling verbal communication of feelings.
  • Assessing imminent threats. (correct)
  • Regulating facial expressions of emotions.
  • Facilitating cognitive maturity for secondary emotions.

    • Which hormones are commonly released during intense emotional experiences?

  • Serotonin and Melatonin
  • Glucose and Insulin
  • Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (correct)
  • Testosterone and Estrogen

    • What distinguishes secondary emotions from primary emotions?

    <p>Secondary emotions require cognitive maturity and vary culturally. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does culture influence emotions?

    <p>It determines which emotions individuals may feel and how they express them. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of facial expressions related to primary emotions?

    <p>They are universally recognized across human populations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does damage to the amygdala have on emotional processing?

    <p>It may lead to an abnormality in processing fear. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following concepts relates to how thoughts can influence emotions?

    <p>Cognitive appraisal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of extrinsic motivation?

    <p>It has immediate but short-lived effects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Alderfer's ERG Theory, which need corresponds to interpersonal love and esteem?

    <p>Relatedness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to McClelland, which need focuses on competitive success?

    <p>Achievement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements reflects Herzberg's Two-factor Model?

    <p>Motivators lead to satisfaction and can enhance performance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Expectancy Theory suggests that motivation increases when individuals believe that:

    <p>effort will lead to better performance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Goal Theory, mastery orientation is characterized by a desire for:

    <p>personal growth and proficiency. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes avoidance goals?

    <p>They are set to evade undesirable outcomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following needs is NOT a part of Alderfer's ERG Theory?

    <p>Competitiveness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component of learning, as defined in psychology?

    <p>It results from practice, experience, or training. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Thorndike's theory of Connectionism, what does the Law of Effect state?

    <p>Consequences of a response can either be favorable or unfavorable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In classical conditioning, what is an example of an Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)?

    <p>Food that naturally elicits salivation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the process of extinction in classical conditioning?

    <p>The learned response disappears. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reinforcement increases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated by removing an adverse condition?

    <p>Negative reinforcement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'shaping' refer to in operant conditioning?

    <p>Gradually modifying behavior through reinforcement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Darwin's original idea about the evolution of emotions?

    <p>Emotions evolved to warn other creatures about intentions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does observational or social learning entail?

    <p>Learning through the behaviors of others. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT classified as a primary emotion?

    <p>Guilt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes stimulus generalization?

    <p>It involves giving a similar response to stimuli that resemble the original stimulus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function of emotions helps individuals survive?

    <p>Aiding in survival by influencing social behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do mixed emotions occur according to Plutchik?

    <p>They are created through blending adjacent primary emotions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor influences the optimum level of arousal for task performance?

    <p>Task difficulty (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the effects of emotions is accurate?

    <p>Positive emotions can enhance self-concept and health. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of emotions in social contexts?

    <p>To monitor social behavior and regulate interactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one difference in individual responses to emotional arousal?

    <p>Some individuals perform better under stress while others do not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Spearman's concept of general intelligence factor (g) suggest?

    <p>A single underlying factor influences overall intelligence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Thurstone, how should intelligence be viewed?

    <p>As a cluster of independent primary mental abilities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of Gardner's multiple intelligences?

    <p>Creative Intelligence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Robert Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence include?

    <p>Analytic intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect does emotional intelligence emphasize the most?

    <p>The perception and management of emotions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intelligence focuses on ability in skills like reading comprehension and writing?

    <p>Linguistic Intelligence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ability is associated with logical-mathematical intelligence?

    <p>Solving math and logic problems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does Sternberg's practical intelligence emphasize?

    <p>Adapting to real-world environments and situations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between primary and secondary drives?

    <p>Primary drives are biological needs and secondary drives arise from learned associations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to arousal theory, organisms seek to maintain what?

    <p>An optimal level of arousal that varies by organism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs propose regarding the prioritization of needs?

    <p>Lower-level needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three components of motivation identified by Magda B. Arnold?

    <p>Direction, effort, and persistence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is intrinsic motivation primarily driven by?

    <p>A person’s intrinsic values and personal growth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Freud's theory of motivation, what are considered the primary motivating forces in human life?

    <p>Sexual and aggressive wishes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Incentive Theory, individuals are motivated to do what?

    <p>Maximize their pleasure and minimize their pain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes secondary drives?

    <p>They arise from learned behaviors associated with primary reinforcements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Psychology - Learning

    • Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior due to practice, experience, or training.
    • Three essential elements of learning:
      • A change in behavior
      • The change occurs through practice or experience
      • The change in behavior is relatively permanent and lasts a considerable time

    Theories of Learning

    • Connectionism (Thorndike): Learning occurs through connections or bonds between stimuli and responses.
      • Laws of Readiness: Physiological and psychological preparedness for a response
      • Laws of Exercise: Repetition and rehearsal
      • Laws of Effect: Consequences of a response are favorable or satisfying.
    • Classical Conditioning (Pavlov): Learning through association.
      • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): Natural stimulus that automatically elicits a response (e.g., food).
      • Unconditioned Response (UCR): Automatic response to the UCS (e.g., salivation to food).
      • Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Neutral stimulus paired with the UCS that eventually elicits a response (e.g., bell).
      • Conditioned Response (CR): Learned response to the CS (e.g., salivation to the bell).
      • Concepts: Stimulus generalization, stimulus discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery
    • Operant Conditioning (Skinner): Learning through consequences; a performance of a task first before reinforcement is given.
      • Positive Reinforcement: Increases the likelihood of a response (e.g., chores=allowance)
      • Negative Reinforcement: Increases the likelihood of a response by removing an adverse stimulus (e.g., not giving a quiz for good behavior).
      • Punishment: Decreases the likelihood of a response
      • Concepts: Extinction, shaping (response gradually refined through reinforcement)
    • Observational/Social Learning (Bandura): Learning by watching others.
      • Attention: Observer focuses on the model
      • Retention: Remembering the observed behavior
      • Motor Reproduction: Reproducing the model's behavior
      • Motivation: Desire to perform the action due to perceived pleasure or reward.

    Memory

    • Memory is the ability to remember information, events, and experiences.
    • Encoding: Transforming sensory information into a mental code so the nervous system can process it (acoustic, visual, semantic).
    • Storage: Encoded information is saved over time; duration depends on importance.
    • Retrieval: Recalling stored information.
    • Three Stages of Memory:
      • Sensory Memory: Brief initial storage; iconic (visual), echoic (auditory), haptic (touch), gustatory (taste), olfactory (smell)
      • Short-Term Memory (STM)/Working Memory: Limited capacity; holds information briefly (about 30 seconds) or is kept active through rehearsal.
      • Long-Term Memory (LTM): Permanent storage of vast amounts of information; explicit (with awareness) and implicit (without awareness)

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of learning in psychology, covering critical theories such as Connectionism and Classical Conditioning. Understand how behavior changes through practice and experience, and the essential elements that contribute to permanent learning. This quiz will test your understanding of these concepts and their applications.

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