Introduction to Psychology - Learning

A relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience, practice or training.

The idea that all learning is based on forming connections between stimuli and responses.

A neutral stimulus gains the ability to elicit a response through repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.

A natural stimulus that automatically elicits a response.

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Learning occurs through the consequences of our actions.

Something that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

Learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others.

A general mental capability that influences performance on cognitive tasks, based on the observation that people who perform well on one task tend to do well on others.

Intelligence is composed of a set of independent mental abilities, each contributing to different aspects of cognitive performance.

A theory suggesting there are multiple independent intelligences, enabling individuals to solve problems and create valued products in their culture.

The ability to understand and manage emotions effectively, including self-awareness, self-regulation, empathy, and social skills.

A model focusing on three key aspects of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical, emphasizing how individuals adapt to information and solve problems in various situations.

The ability to break down problems, analyze information, and solve them using logical reasoning and problem-solving skills.

The ability to think flexibly and innovatively, generating novel ideas and solutions.

The ability to adapt to everyday situations and apply knowledge practically, often referred to as 'street smarts'.

These are considered as basic emotions because they can blend together to create more complex emotions or reactions in different situations.

Plutchik proposed that mixing adjacent primary emotions creates more complex emotions.

Emotions can be used to convey messages and influence others.

Emotions can help us organize our actions and motivate us to do things.

Emotions can provide us with a sense of validation about our experiences.

Emotions add depth and richness to our lives.

Our bodies respond to emotions in ways that help us survive.

Emotions help us understand and manage our interactions with others.

A distinct feeling or quality of consciousness that reflects the personal significance of an event. It can be a range of states like joy or sadness. They are private and subjective, though some can be identified through visible signs of enjoyment or distress.

Emotions that develop as we learn and mature, influenced by personal experiences and cultural norms. These can vary widely between individuals and cultures.

The physical body and its responses to emotions. This includes physiological changes like increased heart rate, sweating, or muscle tension.

The mind's role in emotions. Thinking about something can trigger an emotional response. Our beliefs, interpretations, and memories can influence how we feel.

The cultural context that shapes our understanding, expression, and interpretation of emotions. Different cultures may have different words and norms around how emotions are displayed or perceived.

The ability to detect emotions through subtle cues, body language, or facial expressions. It's a vital part of social interaction and understanding.

A part of the brain that plays a crucial role in processing fear and threat. Damage to this area can impact the processing of fear and emotions related to danger.

The idea that organisms maintain a balanced internal state by adjusting to environmental demands.

Motivations arising from biological needs like hunger, thirst, and sex.

Motivations learned through association with primary drives, like wanting money because it can buy food.

The theory that organisms seek to maintain an optimal level of arousal, rather than always aiming for low arousal.

People and animals are motivated by the desire to attain pleasurable goals and avoid painful ones.

A hierarchy of needs, starting with basic physiological needs and progressing to self-actualization.

Freud's theory that sexual and aggressive urges are primary motivating forces in human life.

Motivation stemming from internal factors like responsibility, challenge, and skill development.

Motivation stemming from external factors like rewards, recognition, and social pressure.

This theory suggests that all behaviors are driven by unmet needs.

Categorizes needs into Existence (basic needs), Relatedness (social needs), and Growth (self-fulfillment needs).

Identifies three key needs: Achievement (success through competition), Affiliation (strong relationships), and Power (influence).

This theory distinguishes motivators (factors that drive satisfaction and motivation) from hygiene factors (dissatisfiers that prevent dissatisfaction).

This theory suggests that individuals are motivated when they believe their effort will lead to performance, performance will be rewarded, and the reward is valued.

This theory emphasizes the role of goals in motivation. It suggests that specific, challenging, but achievable goals lead to higher motivation and performance.