Questions and Answers
What is the definition of physiology?
What is the study of the functions of cells?
What is the study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions?
What is the study of the functions of specific organs?
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What is the study of the functions of the human body?
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What is the study of the functions of body systems?
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What is the term used to describe the study of the functions of organs or systems in a diseased state?
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What are body fluids?
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What percentage of total body water is found in the intracellular fluid?
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What is the primary function of the interstitial fluid?
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What percentage of the extracellular fluid is made up of plasma?
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What is the term for the fluid that surrounds the cells in a multi-cellular organism?
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What is the primary component of the interstitial fluid?
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What is the role of the pores in the blood capillaries?
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What is the term for the fluid that is present in the blood?
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What is the percentage of total body water that is found in the extracellular fluid?
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What is the primary function of the cytosol in a cell?
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Which of the following tissues has a higher fluid content?
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What determines the volume of the various fluid compartments in the body?
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What is the primary electrolyte responsible for maintaining the volume of the total extracellular fluid compartment?
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What is the primary function of electrolytes in the body?
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Which of the following is an example of an inorganic substance in body fluids?
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What happens to lean tissue and body fluid with age?
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What is the primary electrolyte responsible for maintaining the volume of the intracellular fluid compartment?
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What is the primary function of antidiuretic hormone in the regulation of water output?
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What is the term for the condition where the extracellular fluid is diluted, leading to an increase in water and a decrease in sodium levels?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of electrolytes in the body?
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What is the term for the balance between the amounts of electrolytes gained and lost in the body?
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Which of the following systems helps regulate fluid volume in the body?
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What is the primary function of baroreceptors in the regulation of fluid volume?
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What is the term for the condition where water loss exceeds water intake?
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Which of the following is a function of electrolytes in maintaining fluid balance?
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What is the chief extracellular cation in the body?
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What is the primary function of electrolytes in the body?
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What is the characteristic of passive transport?
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What type of transport is facilitated diffusion?
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What is the direction of movement in active transport?
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Which of the following is an example of an anion?
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What is the role of electrolytes in muscle contraction?
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What is the primary difference between passive and active transport?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Physiology
- Physiology is the science that explains the physical and chemical factors responsible for the origin, development, and progression of life.
- It is a branch of biology that deals with the functions and activities of life or of living matter.
- Physiology can be divided into various types, including viral, bacterial, cellular, plant, and human physiology.
Human Physiology
- Human physiology is the study of the functions of the human body.
- It can be divided into cell physiology, special physiology, systemic physiology, and pathophysiology.
- Cell physiology is the study of the functions of cells.
- Special physiology is the study of the functions of specific organs.
- Systemic physiology includes all aspects of the function of body systems.
- Pathophysiology is the study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions.
Body Fluids
- Body fluids are liquids originating from inside the bodies of living humans.
- The total amount of fluids in the human body is approximately 70% of body weight.
- Body fluids can be divided into two compartments: intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF).
- ICF is inside the cells, making up 55% of total body water.
- ECF is outside the cells, making up 45% of total body water.
Composition of Body Fluids
- Organic substances in body fluids include glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, hormones, and enzymes.
- Extracellular fluid composition includes:
- Interstitial fluid (80% of ECF)
- Plasma (20% of ECF)
- Lymph, synovial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, and pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal fluids
- Interstitial fluid is a gel-like extracellular matrix that delivers materials to cells, enables intercellular communication, and removes metabolic waste.
Physiological Function of Body Fluids
- The cytosol has no single function and is involved in multiple cell processes, including metabolic processes and signal transduction.
- Body fluid composition varies by tissue type, gender, and age.
- Water passes freely across cell membranes, and the volume of fluid compartments is determined by unique solutes confined to each space.
Electrolytes of Body Fluids
- Electrolytes are salts and minerals that can conduct electrical impulses in the body.
- Common human electrolytes include sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, and bicarbonate.
- Electrolytes are charged and can be cations (positively charged) or anions (negatively charged).
- The chief extracellular cation is sodium, and the chief intracellular cations are potassium.
- Electrolytes are important for controlling fluid balance, muscle contraction, energy generation, and biochemical reactions.
Movement of Body Fluids
- Membrane transport processes include passive transport and active transport.
- Passive transport is the movement of substances across a membrane from higher to lower concentration.
- Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport that involves carrier proteins.
- Active transport is the movement of substances across a membrane against a gradient, requiring energy and specific carrier proteins.
Regulation of Water Output
- The distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the nephrons regulate water output.
- Antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary causes a reduction in water lost in the urine.
- Drinking adequate water inhibits the ADH mechanism, leading to more water expelled in urine.
Disorders of Water Balance
- Dehydration occurs when water loss exceeds water intake.
- Hypotonic hydration occurs when ECF is diluted, leading to increased water and decreased sodium levels, causing tissue cells to swell.
Electrolyte Balance
- Electrolyte balance exists when the quantity of electrolytes gained equals the amount lost.
- Electrolytes are important for maintaining fluid balance, contributing to acid-base regulation, facilitating enzyme reactions, and transmitting neuromuscular reactions.
- A balance of cations and anions always exists in the body.
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Description
Learn about the science of physiology, which explains the physical and chemical factors responsible for life origins, development, and progression. Explore the various subdivisions of physiology, from viral to human physiology.
