Introduction to Pharmacology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the term used for the name assigned to drugs by the WHO?

  • Proprietary name
  • Brand name
  • Generic name (correct)
  • Trade name

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of veterinary medicines?

  • Active ingredient used as the primary term of reference
  • Exclusively available under brand names (correct)
  • Description in terms of physical characteristics
  • Grouping into classes based on structure and properties

What is the role of excipients in the formulation of medications?

  • To replace the active ingredient
  • To enhance the active ingredient's potency
  • To provide necessary nutrients
  • To aid in the formulation process and stability (correct)

What factors influence the process of medicine development?

<p>The drivers of drug discovery and associated costs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these terms is synonymous with 'brand name' in the context of medicines?

<p>Proprietary name (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary term of reference when describing a veterinary medicine?

<p>Active ingredient (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the International Non-proprietary Name (INN) signify?

<p>It identifies the active pharmaceutical ingredient. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the grouping of medicines?

<p>Grouped into classes of similar physicochemical characteristics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the IUPAC ID for the compound represented by the chemical formula C21H23NO5?

<p>(5α,6α)-7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3,6-diol diacetate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic common to pharmacologically related substances?

<p>They often have a similar stem in their generic name. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the website provided for the Product Information Database?

<p><a href="http://www.vmd.defra.gov.uk/ProductInformationDatabase/">www.vmd.defra.gov.uk/ProductInformationDatabase/</a> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a method used to classify medicines?

<p>Based on their physicochemical properties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which name is considered the proprietary name in veterinary medicine?

<p>Metacam (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What benefit does understanding drug classes provide in prescribing?

<p>It allows predicting the effects of all drugs within that class (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main roles of the prescribing framework?

<p>To assess the patient and identify treatment options. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What grouping is NOT mentioned as a basis for classifying drugs?

<p>Brand name popularity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organization selects and publishes the International Non-proprietary Names (INN)?

<p>World Health Organization (WHO) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is classified under β-lactam antibiotics?

<p>Amoxicillin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common mechanism of action for NSAIDs?

<p>Inhibition of cyclooxygenase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of drug classification based on clinical outcomes?

<p>The duration of action (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a benefit of classifying drugs based on their structure and properties?

<p>It helps in memorizing drugs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do excipients play in medication formulations?

<p>They help make the medication suitable for administration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical cost to bring a new drug for human use to market?

<p>$2 billion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long are companies protected from generic competition after developing a new drug?

<p>20 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which document describes the properties and uses of a medicinal product?

<p>Summary of Product Characteristics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the process during drug development?

<p>To achieve effective and safe medications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of pharmacology?

<p>The mechanisms and actions of drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of pre-reading before the lecture?

<p>To refresh knowledge on key topics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes therapeutics from pharmacology?

<p>Pharmacology examines drug mechanisms, while therapeutics focuses on the treatment of diseases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one expected outcome after attending a lecture?

<p>Improved prescribing skills and drug knowledge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a drug defined?

<p>A substance that produces a biological effect for an intended purpose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the pre-lecture preparation?

<p>Choosing a group project topic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What activity is specifically mentioned as part of the after-lecture process?

<p>Participating in exercises to develop prescribing skills (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which setting are lectures expected to be attended for maximum benefit?

<p>In-person (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following anti-epileptic drugs is known for its effectiveness in treating seizures in dogs?

<p>Phenobarbital (A), Potassium Bromide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of a suspension in veterinary medicine?

<p>Contains suspended particles in a liquid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which excipient is specifically used as an antioxidant in formulations?

<p>Butylhydroxytoluene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does stearic acid play in medication formulations?

<p>Emulsifying agent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physical form of medication is typically used for delivering drugs directly into the bloodstream?

<p>IV infusions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key driver in the discovery and development of new medicines?

<p>Public demand for alternative treatments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a tablet medication?

<p>Is a solid dosage form (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which excipient serves primarily as a flavouring agent in veterinary medicine?

<p>Poultry liver powder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

International Non-proprietary Name (INN)

A unique and universal name given to medicines by the World Health Organization (WHO)

Brand Name (Proprietary Name)

The name used by a pharmaceutical company to market its product. It is owned by the company.

Generic Name

The scientific name of the active chemical in a medicine.

Why do Medicines have different names?

Medicine names are assigned by the World Health Organization (WHO), ensuring a unique and standardized name globally.

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Why do drugs have different brand names?

A brand name is an attempt to make one drug seem different from another. While the generic name is the same, brand names can be very varied.

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Pharmacology

The study of the mechanisms and actions of drugs within the body.

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Therapeutics

The use of drugs to treat diseases.

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Drug

Any substance that produces a biological effect in the body when introduced.

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Pharmacokinetics

Refers to the study of the mechanisms and actions of drugs in living organisms.

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Pharmacodynamics

The study of the effects of drugs on living organisms.

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Veterinary Pharmacology

Refers to the study of drugs in animal species.

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Therapeutic effect

A drug's intended effect or therapeutic outcome when used in a specific condition.

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Adverse effect

The unintended or undesirable effects of a drug, which can range from mild to severe.

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Chemical formula

The chemical makeup of a substance, often expressed as a formula using symbols to represent elements

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Structural formula

A visual representation of the structure of a molecule, showing how atoms are connected

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IUPAC ID

The official chemical name for a drug, based on its structure

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Drug Class

A term used in a classification system to group drugs that share similar properties and actions

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Physicochemical properties

Classifying drugs based on their chemical properties, like their molecular structure or chemical groups

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Mechanism of action

Classifying drugs based on how they work in the body, like targeting a specific receptor or enzyme

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Clinical outcome

Classifying drugs based on the effect they have on the body, like controlling pain, lowering blood pressure, or treating infection

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Drug Classification

Drugs are categorized into groups based on similar chemical properties, how they work in the body, or the effects they produce.

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Generic Name Stems

Medicines within the same class often share a similar part (stem) in their generic name.

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Active Ingredient

Helps to identify and use the active ingredient as the primary term when describing a veterinary medicine.

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Product Information Database

A database of medicines containing detailed information about their use, safety, and effectiveness.

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Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC)

It's a detailed document that provides comprehensive information about a medicine.

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What are excipients?

Ingredients added to a drug formulation that are not the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). They help with stability, taste, texture, and ease of administration.

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What is an International Non-proprietary Name (INN)?

A globally recognized, non-proprietary name assigned to a drug by the World Health Organization (WHO) to ensure clear identification regardless of the brand.

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What is a Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC)?

A document that contains a summary of a medicine's essential information, including uses, dosages, administration, warnings, and potential side effects.

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What is 'Prescribing Information'?

A document that provides information about a drug for healthcare professionals, including its uses, dosages, administration, warnings, and potential side effects.

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What is the process of Drug Development?

The process of developing a new drug from research to market approval, which is costly, time-consuming, and involves various stages of testing.

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Anti-epileptic drugs

Medicines specifically designed to control seizures in dogs and other animals.

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Phenobarbital

A type of anti-epileptic drug commonly used in veterinary medicine for treating seizures in dogs.

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Diazepam

A type of anti-epileptic drug known for its calming effects and use in treating seizures.

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Imepitoin

Another anti-epileptic drug used to treat seizures in dogs, and possibly some cats.

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Potassium bromide

An anti-epileptic drug often used in animals, particularly dogs, to control seizures.

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Excipients

Substances added to medications to improve their stability, taste, or ease of administration.

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Drug discovery and development

The process of discovering, developing, and bringing new medicines to the market.

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Physical characteristics of a medicine

The various forms in which medications can be presented, such as tablets, capsules, injections, or topical solutions.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Pharmacology

  • The subject is challenging for students.
  • Pre-reading is important; read a maximum of 4 pages before each lecture.
  • In-person lectures are crucial for optimal learning of the subject material.
  • Lectures are recorded.
  • Exercises in class will help develop prescribing skills and drug knowledge.
  • Short quizzes are used to assess student understanding of learning objectives.

Resources

  • Students should use Rang & Dale's Pharmacology (10th ed.) and Pharmacology (5th ed.) textbooks.
  • Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (10th ed.) is another recommended text.

Pharmacology vs Therapeutics

  • Pharmacology is the study of drug mechanisms and actions.
  • Therapeutics is the application of drugs to treat diseases.

What is a Drug?

  • A drug is a substance that, when introduced into the body, produces a biological effect for an intended purpose.

Learning Objectives (Page 6)

  • Understand various ways to name medications.
  • Identify and use the active ingredient as the primary reference term.
  • Understand groupings of medications based on structure and properties.
  • Describe veterinary medicines based on physical characteristics.
  • Understand the role of excipients in medication formulations.
  • Understand the principles of medication development, including drivers, costs, and timescales.

Learning Objective 1 (Names of Medications)

  • Drugs are known by their International Non-proprietary Name (INN) or generic name.
  • These names are assigned by the World Health Organization (WHO).
  • Drug companies may also use proprietary or brand names for a product.

Learning Objective 2 (Active Ingredients)

  • The active ingredient in a medication is its generic name.
  • This reference name should always be used in veterinary medicine exams.

Learning Objective 3 (Drug Classification)

  • Medications can be categorized based on: physicochemical properties, target binding (pharmacological action), or clinical outcomes (pharmacotherapeutic action).
  • Classifying drugs helps in predicting their effects.
  • Example: β-lactam antibiotics, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, and anti-epileptic drugs.

Learning Objective 4 (Physical Characteristics)

  • Physical characteristics are crucial in describing veterinary medicines, such as tablets, capsules, injections, spot-ons, suspensions, IV infusions, eye drops, drenches, and creams/ointments.

Learning Objective 5 (Excipients)

  • Excipients are essential components of drug formulations to aid delivery.
  • Excipients may include fillers, binders, disintegrants, lubricants, colorants, flavourings, and preservatives.

Learning Objective 6 (Drug Development)

  • Drug development is high-risk and expensive.
  • A new human drug can cost $2 billion and take 10-15 years to reach the market.
  • Companies benefit from patent protection for around 20 years.

Prescribing Framework

  • This cyclical process outlines the prescribing framework
  • Steps include:
    • Assess the patient
    • Identify effective treatment options
    • Present options to the client
    • Provide supporting information
    • Prescribe the correct medicine

Prescribing Skills

  • Deciding on the correct drug, dose, route, frequency of medication
  • Identifying components that could be unsuitable
  • Deciding on the most appropriate treatment
  • Providing crucial information to the client
  • Calculating and verifying accurate doses
  • Identifying possible adverse drug reactions
  • Monitoring and interpreting results of investigations

Prescribing Information (Veterinary Medicines Directorate)

  • This database contains summaries of product characteristics for veterinary medicines.

Additional Key Points

  • Summary of Product Characteristics (UK and EU)
  • Prescribing Information (USA)
  • These documents feature detailed information about drugs; including how to use them and precautions to take.

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Related Documents

Introduction to Pharmacology - University of Surrey - Sept 24

Description

This quiz assesses your understanding of basic pharmacology concepts, including drug mechanisms, therapeutic applications, and medication naming. It is designed to complement the readings from 'Rang & Dale's Pharmacology' and other key texts. Prepare for both lectures and practical applications in this essential field of study.

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