Pharmacology Quiz: Drug Mechanisms and Effects

Ninhydrin reagent reacts with the amino group of amino acids, leading to a purple-colored product. This reaction is used in various applications, including fingerprint detection and amino acid analysis.

Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs when carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, preventing oxygen delivery to the body's tissues. Oxygen therapy is the primary treatment, as it helps displace carbon monoxide from hemoglobin and restore oxygen delivery.

Flumazenil is a specific antagonist for benzodiazepines, a class of drugs that act on the central nervous system. It helps to reverse the effects of benzodiazepine overdose, including sedation, respiratory depression, and amnesia.

Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D) is converted in the body into calcitriol, a hormone that plays a crucial role in calcium absorption and bone health. It regulates calcium levels in the blood and supports bone mineralization.

Midazolam is a short-acting benzodiazepine, often used for sedation and anesthesia. It has a rapid onset of action and a shorter duration of effect compared to other benzodiazepines.

Indapamide is a thiazide-like diuretic. It works by blocking the reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions in the kidneys, leading to increased urine output.

COX-2 inhibitors are a class of drugs that selectively block the COX-2 enzyme, which is involved in inflammation and pain. Rofecoxib is an example of a COX-2 inhibitor.

Class II antiarrhythmic drugs are known to cause a side effect of bronchospasm, a narrowing of the airways that can lead to difficulty breathing.

To prepare a 1:1000 solution with 80 mL of solvent, you need 0.08 grams of benzocaine. This is calculated by dividing the total volume by the desired concentration.

The otic ganglion is one of the parasympathetic ganglia in the body. It is located near the middle ear and plays a role in controlling the function of the salivary glands and lacrimal glands.

A stellate ganglion block is a procedure in which a local anesthetic is injected near the stellate ganglion, a nerve cluster in the neck. One of the effects of this procedure is dilated conjunctival vessels, which are the blood vessels in the white part of the eye.

In myasthenia gravis, the vertical muscles of the eye are more commonly affected than the horizontal muscles. This means patients often experience drooping eyelids (ptosis) and difficulties moving their eyes up and down.

The knee jerk reflex is a monosynaptic reflex, meaning it involves a single synapse between the sensory neuron and the motor neuron. This quick response helps maintain balance and stability.

In patients with dense cataracts and poor retina visibility, tests like laser interferometry (measures retinal thickness), Haidinger brushes (test macular function), and visual evoked potential (assess visual pathway function) can be helpful.

Relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) is a sign of optic nerve damage where one pupil reacts less to light compared to the other. It can be seen in conditions like optic nerve glioma or unilateral occipital lobe infarction.

Purkinje's shift refers to the change in retinal sensitivity between day and night vision, making blue colors appear brighter in low-light conditions. This is because the eye's sensitivity shifts towards shorter wavelengths of light in darkness.

The air bubble in prefilled enoxaparin syringes ensures the full dose is delivered and prevents drug leakage.

Carbidopa inhibits peripheral dopa decarboxylase, reducing peripheral levodopa conversion to dopamine, increasing levodopa availability in the brain.

Infliximab, a TNF inhibitor, can reactivate latent tuberculosis. Screening for tuberculosis is recommended before starting treatment.

Isocitrate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate via oxalosuccinate in the Krebs cycle.

The hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt, or pentose phosphate pathway, occurs in the cytosol, generating NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate.

Fluoroacetate is metabolized to fluorocitrate, inhibiting aconitase and blocking citrate conversion to isocitrate in the Krebs cycle.

Retinol (Vitamin A) synthesis begins with beta-ionone and methylvinyllactone as precursors.

Phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) is a major component of pulmonary surfactant, which reduces alveolar surface tension. Its deficiency in premature infants leads to respiratory distress syndrome.

Cori’s disease (Type III glycogen storage disease) is caused by a deficiency of the debranching enzyme amylo-α-1,6-glucosidase, leading to abnormal glycogen accumulation.

Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid, non-essential as the body can synthesize it.

The maximum velocity of saccadic eye movements is approximately 700 degrees/second, with a latency of about 250 milliseconds.

Rods are photoreceptor cells in the retina that are more sensitive to light than cones, hence responsible for vision in low-light conditions. Cones are responsible for color vision and are concentrated in the fovea.

The vitreous humor, a gel-like substance filling the space between the lens and the retina, has a viscosity primarily due to the presence of sodium hyaluronate, which contributes to its gel-like consistency.

Dural venous sinuses are valveless channels that drain blood from the brain. The cavernous sinus is strategically located near the pituitary gland and the first two divisions of the trigeminal nerve, making it vulnerable to infections and tumors.

Brain stem death, a condition where the brain stem has irreversibly ceased function, is assessed by examining cranial nerve reflexes, such as the gag reflex (IX and X nerves) and the pupillary reflex (II and III nerves).

Administering ASV involves a specific dosage regimen: 150 mg/kg over 1 hour, followed by 50 mg/kg over 4 hours, and then 100 mg/kg over 16 hours.

Digoxin can affect heart conduction, especially at the AV node. ECG monitoring is crucial to detect arrhythmias or signs of digoxin toxicity. Rapid potassium infusion can cause life-threatening arrhythmias, necessitating continuous ECG monitoring.

Oxybutynin, an anticholinergic drug for overactive bladder, can cause urinary retention, especially in elderly patients with BPH. Discontinuing oxybutynin may improve urinary symptoms.

Cholera vaccine protects against Vibrio cholerae and related enterotoxins, common causes of traveler's diarrhea.

Ciprofloxacin has poor penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid and potential cartilage damage risks in children. It's not a suitable treatment for meningitis in children.

Rifamycin is generally safe for the eyes. However, hydroxychloroquine can cause retinopathy and ethambutol can cause optic neuritis, affecting vision.

First-generation cephalosporin like cephalexin is ineffective against H. influenzae, making it unsuitable for treating this type of pneumonia.

Preventing delayed nausea and vomiting requires prompt treatment with drugs like 5-HT3 antagonists and corticosteroids during the acute phase.

Malaria prophylaxis usually involves starting medication 1 week before travel, continuing throughout the trip, and extending for 4 weeks after leaving the malaria-endemic area.

Phenol detoxification mainly occurs through conjugation with glutathione, protecting against oxidative stress.