Podcast
Questions and Answers
________ reduces bacterial meningitis to treatable disease.
________ reduces bacterial meningitis to treatable disease.
Penicillin
Two main approaches to the treatment of disease are surgical and ________.
Two main approaches to the treatment of disease are surgical and ________.
medical
________ is used to relieve asthma attacks.
________ is used to relieve asthma attacks.
Salbutamol sulfate
Myocardial infarction can be treated with 8-10 mg of ________.
Myocardial infarction can be treated with 8-10 mg of ________.
Signup and view all the answers
A 'drug molecule' consists of one or more functional groups arranged in a defined ________ space.
A 'drug molecule' consists of one or more functional groups arranged in a defined ________ space.
Signup and view all the answers
The ________ approach to disease treatment is labor-intensive and time-demanding.
The ________ approach to disease treatment is labor-intensive and time-demanding.
Signup and view all the answers
The medical approach allows for treatment of a large number of ________.
The medical approach allows for treatment of a large number of ________.
Signup and view all the answers
The group with one carbon atom is known as ______.
The group with one carbon atom is known as ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Drugs promote a beneficial biological response and preclude binding to ________ receptors.
Drugs promote a beneficial biological response and preclude binding to ________ receptors.
Signup and view all the answers
The name for the carbon chain consisting of three carbon atoms is ______.
The name for the carbon chain consisting of three carbon atoms is ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The prefix used for rings of carbon atoms is ______.
The prefix used for rings of carbon atoms is ______.
Signup and view all the answers
An alkane with eight carbon atoms is called ______.
An alkane with eight carbon atoms is called ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The abbreviation 'Bu' stands for ______.
The abbreviation 'Bu' stands for ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The chain with six carbon atoms is known as ______.
The chain with six carbon atoms is known as ______.
Signup and view all the answers
In branched chains, the prefix 'iso-' indicates an ______.
In branched chains, the prefix 'iso-' indicates an ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The term used to denote a secondary carbon in a branched chain is ______.
The term used to denote a secondary carbon in a branched chain is ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The alkane that consists of nine carbon atoms is called ______.
The alkane that consists of nine carbon atoms is called ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The rigid framework reduces flexibility and prevents binding to secondary ______
The rigid framework reduces flexibility and prevents binding to secondary ______
Signup and view all the answers
The abbreviation for the chain that has five carbon atoms is ______.
The abbreviation for the chain that has five carbon atoms is ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Aspirin is chemically known as ______
Aspirin is chemically known as ______
Signup and view all the answers
Organic chemistry is dedicated to the study of the structures, synthesis, and reactions of ______-containing compounds.
Organic chemistry is dedicated to the study of the structures, synthesis, and reactions of ______-containing compounds.
Signup and view all the answers
Palytoxin is the deadliest naturally occurring ______.
Palytoxin is the deadliest naturally occurring ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The molecular formula C6H14O2 represents an organic ______.
The molecular formula C6H14O2 represents an organic ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Structural isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural ______.
Structural isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Ethanol and dimethyl ether are examples of structural ______.
Ethanol and dimethyl ether are examples of structural ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Functional groups are parts of a molecule with the potential to take part in a chemical reaction or ______.
Functional groups are parts of a molecule with the potential to take part in a chemical reaction or ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Hydrocarbons can be classified into chains, branched chains, and ______.
Hydrocarbons can be classified into chains, branched chains, and ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The formula C2H6O represents the compound ______.
The formula C2H6O represents the compound ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Multiple substituents are shown by di, tri, tetra (not ______!)
Multiple substituents are shown by di, tri, tetra (not ______!)
Signup and view all the answers
When a FG is present, number chain such that FG gets ______ number
When a FG is present, number chain such that FG gets ______ number
Signup and view all the answers
Substituents should be listed in ______ order
Substituents should be listed in ______ order
Signup and view all the answers
If two possible sets are equal, choose the numbering that gives the lowest number to the substituent that comes ______ alphabetically.
If two possible sets are equal, choose the numbering that gives the lowest number to the substituent that comes ______ alphabetically.
Signup and view all the answers
Terminal functional groups are assumed to be on carbon ______, e.g. aldehydes, carboxylic acids etc.
Terminal functional groups are assumed to be on carbon ______, e.g. aldehydes, carboxylic acids etc.
Signup and view all the answers
Cyclohexane has a ______ or boat shape.
Cyclohexane has a ______ or boat shape.
Signup and view all the answers
Alkanes contain no functional ______.
Alkanes contain no functional ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Alkenes contain C=C ______ bonds.
Alkenes contain C=C ______ bonds.
Signup and view all the answers
Alcohols contain a hydroxyl (______) group.
Alcohols contain a hydroxyl (______) group.
Signup and view all the answers
Ethers contain an alkoxy group (-______).
Ethers contain an alkoxy group (-______).
Signup and view all the answers
Aldehydes contain a carbonyl group (C=______).
Aldehydes contain a carbonyl group (C=______).
Signup and view all the answers
Ketones contain a carbonyl group (C=______) within the carbon chain.
Ketones contain a carbonyl group (C=______) within the carbon chain.
Signup and view all the answers
Carboxylic acids contain a carboxyl (-______) group.
Carboxylic acids contain a carboxyl (-______) group.
Signup and view all the answers
The prefix indicates the number of ______ atoms in systematic nomenclature.
The prefix indicates the number of ______ atoms in systematic nomenclature.
Signup and view all the answers
Branched compounds are named as alkyl derivatives of the longest ______ chain.
Branched compounds are named as alkyl derivatives of the longest ______ chain.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Introduction to Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry is a branch of science dedicated to the study of the structures, synthesis, and reactions of carbon-containing compounds.
- The course is taught by Dr Tim O’Sullivan.
- Contact: [email protected]
- Office: 2.05 -Cavanagh Building
- Lectures: Wednesday 3-4 pm, LG52
- Required texts: Organic Chemistry – J.McMurry, Beginning Organic Chemistry: Workbook 2 – G.L.Patrick, and (An Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry – G.L.Patrick)
- Partial notes are available on Canvas.
Treatment of Disease
- Two main approaches to treat disease: surgical and medical.
- Surgical treatment is labor intensive, time demanding, and limited to a smaller number of individuals in rich nations.
- Medical treatment is based on drug molecules, reaches a larger number of people, has a shorter time frame, and is used in developed and developing countries.
Impact of Therapeutic Drugs
- Drugs have made a significant impact on health, second only to public health measures.
- Penicillin has made bacterial meningitis treatable.
- 100 µg of salbutamol sulfate relieves an asthma attack.
- Intravenous 2 mg of lorazepam stops life-threatening seizures.
- Myocardial infarction is treated with 8-10 mg of morphine.
- A drug molecule is a 3D structure that binds specifically to a receptor and triggers a beneficial biological response. This targeted binding minimizes toxicity.
Aspirin
- The chemical name for aspirin is acetylsalicyclic acid.
Organic Chemistry
- Organic chemistry is the study of the structures, synthesis, and reactions of carbon-containing compounds.
- Focuses on elements C, H, N, O, P, S, X (Halides).
Understanding Organic Structures
- Palytoxin is the deadliest naturally occurring compound.
- It takes 10.5 µg to kill a 70 kg person.
- The molecular formula for Palytoxin is C128H221N3O54.
Molecular, Structural, and Empirical Formulae
- Molecular formula shows the total number of atoms of each element in a molecule.
- Structural formula shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
- Empirical formula shows the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound.
Isomers
- Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas.
- Structural isomers have different arrangements of atoms.
- Other types of isomers include regioisomers and stereoisomers.
Hydrocarbon Framework
- Hydrocarbon chains can be linear, branched, or cyclic.
- Combinations of these structures occur.
Functional Groups
- A functional group is a specific group of atoms within a molecule responsible for its chemical reactivity.
- Examples include: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, ethers, amines, alkyl halides, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, nitriles (cyanides).
Systematic Nomenclature
- Provides a standardized system for naming organic compounds.
- IUPAC rules are used to create a unique and consistent name.
- Suffix indicates the functional group.
- Prefix indicates the number of carbon atoms in the longest chain.
- The chain is numbered from the end that gives the lowest numbers for substituents and functional groups.
- Hyphens separate numbers from names and prefixes.
Systematic Nomenclature for Alkanes
- Multiple substituents on a chain are indicated by prefixes like di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-.
- The carbon chain is numbered from the end that produces the lowest set of numbers for the substituents.
- When two sets of numbers are equal, choose the numbering that gives the lowest number to the substituent that comes alphabetically first.
- Substituents should be listed in alphabetical order.
- Ignoring multiplying prefixes when alphabetizing, treat dimethyl as 'm' not 'd'.
Systematic Nomenclature for Compounds with Functional Groups
- When a functional group is present, the chain is numbered such that the functional group gets the lowest number.
- Terminal functional groups are assumed to be on carbon 1 (e.g., aldehydes, carboxylic acids).
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz explores key concepts from Pharmaceutical Chemistry, including the study of carbon-containing compounds and their significance in medical treatments. It also covers the impact of therapeutic drugs on disease management. Prepare to test your knowledge on the synthesis and reactions of essential compounds.
