Introduction to Object-Oriented Paradigm
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Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic of the Object-Oriented Paradigm?

  • It excludes the use of classes in programming.
  • It is focused solely on data structures.
  • It organizes software design around objects. (correct)
  • It relies on functions and logic primarily.

    • Which of the following is NOT a benefit of Object-Oriented Programming?

  • Maintainability
  • Code obfuscation (correct)
  • Reusability
  • Modularity

    • Which language is considered the first object-oriented programming language?

  • Smalltalk
  • C++
  • Java
  • Simula (correct)

    • What major feature did Smalltalk introduce in the 1970s that is essential in OOP?

    <p>Messaging and encapsulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following languages added object-oriented features to C?

    <p>C++</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is scalability important in Object-Oriented Programming?

    <p>It allows for large codebases to be managed more easily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature of Java aids in memory management?

    <p>Garbage collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle of OOP focuses on using existing code for new applications?

    <p>Inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does abstraction in object-oriented programming primarily focus on?

    <p>Hiding complex implementation details</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes encapsulation?

    <p>Combining data and methods while controlling access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario is inheritance used?

    <p>When new classes need properties from existing classes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is polymorphism in object-oriented programming?

    <p>The ability to treat objects as instances of their parent class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a bank account serve as an example of encapsulation?

    <p>It restricts direct access to balance through designated methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of using inheritance?

    <p>A Vehicle class from which Car and Truck inherit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'state' refer to in the context of an object?

    <p>The data fields representing the object's attributes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of polymorphism is related to the ability to define methods with the same name?

    <p>Method overloading within a class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a class in object-oriented programming?

    <p>To serve as a blueprint for creating objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of aggregation?

    <p>A library and its books</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best characterizes composition in object relationships?

    <p>It establishes a strong relationship where contained objects cannot exist without the container.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of object relationships, what does inheritance provide?

    <p>The ability to compose new classes from existing ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about association is correct?

    <p>It signifies a general relationship between different classes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best exemplifies a class's components?

    <p>Attributes and methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the relationship in a class that models a student attending multiple courses?

    <p>Association</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinct characteristic of aggregation compared to composition?

    <p>Aggregated objects can exist independently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Object-Oriented Paradigm

    • Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) lecture one introduces the object-oriented paradigm.
    • The course is for Bachelor of Science (Hons) students in Computer Science, Software Engineering and Information Technology.
    • The lecture was held at the Saegi's Campus, Nugegoda.
    • The lecturer is Ms. Chathurangi Dhanushika Weerasinghe.
    • OOAD is a software design model focused on objects rather than functions.
    • Key concepts include objects, classes, abstraction, encapsulation, polymorphism, and inheritance.

    What is Object-Oriented Paradigm?

    • A software design model where software is organized around objects.
    • Objects represent real-world entities and abstract details.
    • The focus is modular design with reusable components.

    Why Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)?

    • Modularity: Code written and maintained in chunks.
    • Reusability: Code reused across different projects.
    • Scalability: Makes managing large codebases easier.
    • Maintainability: Easier to fix or enhance parts of the system without affecting others.

    Historical Evolution of Object Model

    • Simula (1960s): First object-oriented language; introduced classes and objects for simulation; key feature is inheritance for reusing code.
    • Smalltalk (1970s): Developed by Alan Kay; added messaging and formalized encapsulation; first to introduce polymorphism.
    • C++ (1980s): Added object-oriented features to C; inheritance, polymorphism. and abstraction widely used.
    • Java (1990s): Widespread popularity; cross-platform support; garbage collection in Java automatically deletes code no longer needed.

    Fundamental Concepts of OOP (1)

    • Abstraction: Hides complex implementation details; exposes only what's necessary.
    • Example: A car interface with a "drive" method, hiding the internal engine workings.

    Fundamental Concepts of OOP (2)

    • Encapsulation (Information Hiding): Combines data (attributes) and methods (behavior) into a single unit (class); controls access to data using getter and setter methods.
    • Example: Bank account with balance (private), accessed only via deposit and withdraw methods.

    Fundamental Concepts of OOP (3)

    • Inheritance: Enables new classes to inherit properties and methods from existing ones; parent-child relationship where Child class extends or overrides behavior.
    • Example: A class Vehicle inherited by Car and Truck.

    Fundamental Concepts of OOP (4)

    • Polymorphism: (Many forms) Allows objects to be treated as instances of their parent class but retaining their own unique methods.
    • Two types: Compile-time (method overloading) and run-time (method overriding).
    • Example: A Shape class with subclasses Circle and Square each having their own implementation of the draw() method.

    What is an Object?

    • Definition: A real-world entity modeled in code.
    • Object = State + Behavior
    • State: Represented by attributes (data fields).
    • Behavior: Represented by methods (functions).
    • Example: Object: A Car, State: Color, Model, Speed, Behavior: Drive, Stop

    Objects: Real World Examples

    • Examples of objects from everyday life include Pencil, Apple, Book, Bag, Board.

    What is a Class?

    • Definition: Blueprint for creating objects.
    • Components: Attributes (variables that hold data) and methods (functions that define behaviors).
    • Example: Class Car with attributes color, model, and methods drive(), stop().

    Object Relationships: Association

    • Relationship between objects of different classes.
    • Example: A student attends multiple courses, each course has students.

    Object Relationships: Aggregation

    • "Has-a" relationship where one object contains other objects.
    • Weak relationship: Contained objects can exist independently.
    • Example: A library has books but books can exist without a library.

    Object Relationships: Composition

    • Stronger form of aggregation.
    • Strong relationship: Contained objects cannot exist without the container.
    • Example: A house has rooms; if the house is destroyed the rooms no longer exist.

    Object Relationships: Inheritance

    • Relationship where one class inherits properties and methods from another.
    • Is-a relationship: Specific type of a general class.
    • Example: Dog is a Mammal, inheriting characteristics from Mammal class.

    Key points

    • OOP is a paradigm based on objects.
    • Key concepts are abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.
    • Objects and classes are the foundation of OOP.
    • Relationships between objects enhance the structure of a system.

    In class activity.

    • Instructions: Identify real-world objects, attributes, behaviors, and classes. Group work: 5 students per group. Examples of real-world objects include a car, bank account, library, smartphone.

    Any Questions?

    • Open for questions.

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    Object Oriented Analysis and Design Lecture 01 PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamentals of the Object-Oriented Paradigm introduced in the OOAD lecture for Bachelor of Science students. Key concepts such as objects, classes, abstraction, encapsulation, polymorphism, and inheritance are explored. Test your understanding of modular design and the benefits of object-oriented programming.

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