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Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of liquid-liquid extraction?
What is the primary goal of liquid-liquid extraction?
In a typical extraction process, what is referred to as the 'raffinate'?
In a typical extraction process, what is referred to as the 'raffinate'?
What defines the 'extract' in liquid-liquid extraction?
What defines the 'extract' in liquid-liquid extraction?
Which of the following best describes a ternary system in the context of liquid-liquid extraction?
Which of the following best describes a ternary system in the context of liquid-liquid extraction?
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What is a key advantage of using liquid-liquid extraction over distillation?
What is a key advantage of using liquid-liquid extraction over distillation?
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In liquid-liquid extraction, what does the term 'feed' refer to?
In liquid-liquid extraction, what does the term 'feed' refer to?
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What role does a solvent play in liquid-liquid extraction?
What role does a solvent play in liquid-liquid extraction?
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Which of the following is NOT a common application of liquid-liquid extraction?
Which of the following is NOT a common application of liquid-liquid extraction?
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Which of the following industries primarily utilizes extraction processes for the separation of heat-sensitive liquid feeds?
Which of the following industries primarily utilizes extraction processes for the separation of heat-sensitive liquid feeds?
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What is the requirement for the distribution constant K when the desired product is in the extract stream?
What is the requirement for the distribution constant K when the desired product is in the extract stream?
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Which equipment type is commonly used for multi-stage extraction processes?
Which equipment type is commonly used for multi-stage extraction processes?
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What is a major disadvantage of mixer-settlers?
What is a major disadvantage of mixer-settlers?
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Which type of extraction is characterized by being able to cope with slurries and high interfacial tension?
Which type of extraction is characterized by being able to cope with slurries and high interfacial tension?
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What happens if the solvent in an extraction system is miscible with the feed?
What happens if the solvent in an extraction system is miscible with the feed?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of multi-stage extractor equipment?
Which of the following is NOT a type of multi-stage extractor equipment?
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Which statement about extraction systems in the petroleum industry is true?
Which statement about extraction systems in the petroleum industry is true?
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Which component serves as the solute in a liquid-liquid extraction process?
Which component serves as the solute in a liquid-liquid extraction process?
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What is the main purpose of using solvent extraction in biotransformations?
What is the main purpose of using solvent extraction in biotransformations?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor to consider when choosing a solvent for liquid-liquid extraction?
Which of the following is NOT a factor to consider when choosing a solvent for liquid-liquid extraction?
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What is an example of a periodical extraction method?
What is an example of a periodical extraction method?
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Which extraction method should be selected when there is a need for constant separation?
Which extraction method should be selected when there is a need for constant separation?
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What type of equipment is commonly utilized in liquid-liquid extraction processes?
What type of equipment is commonly utilized in liquid-liquid extraction processes?
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Which of the following factors enhances the selectivity of solvent extraction?
Which of the following factors enhances the selectivity of solvent extraction?
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Why is the distribution coefficient important in solvent extraction?
Why is the distribution coefficient important in solvent extraction?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Extraction
- Liquid-liquid extraction, or solvent extraction, separates solutes from a liquid solution using an insoluble liquid.
- Separation hinges on the solubility differences of solutes in the contacting liquids.
- The feed is the original solution comprising solute A and carrier liquid C, while the solvent S is a pure liquid.
- The result of extraction appears as two phases: the extract (solvent-rich) and the raffinate (residual liquid).
Purpose of Extraction
- Used to separate mixtures with close boiling points that can't withstand high distillation temperatures.
- Examples include recovering penicillin from fermentation broths with butyl acetate and acetic acid from aqueous solutions using ethyl acetate.
Liquid-Liquid Extraction
- Comprises three components: carrier liquid (A), extracting solvent (B), and solute (C).
- Essential for applications requiring solute transfer between two immiscible or partially miscible liquid phases.
Liquid-Liquid Equilibria (LLE)
- Vital for equipping and designing extraction setups.
- Equilibrium data assists in optimizing the selection of extraction systems and solvents.
Classification of Extraction Processes
- Periodical extraction involves shaking separatory funnels.
- Continuous extraction maintains a constant flow for separation.
- Countercurrent extraction optimizes contact between phases for enhanced separation.
Choice of Solvent
- Key factors include selectivity, distribution coefficient, and insolubility.
- Consider recoverability of solute, density differences, interfacial tension, chemical reactivity, cost, viscosity, vapor pressure, flammability, and toxicity.
Advantages of Solvent Extraction
- Allows selective extraction directly from fermentation broths and reaction mediums.
- Reduces product loss due to degradation as solutes transfer to a different phase.
- Adaptable across various operational scales, including packed extraction towers and mixer-settlers.
Application of Extraction
- Widely employed in the petroleum industry for separating heat-sensitive liquid feeds by chemical type.
- Significantly utilized in biochemical and pharmaceutical sectors for antibiotic separation and protein recovery.
- Used in inorganic chemical processes for recovering high-boiling compounds like phosphoric acid and sodium hydroxide.
Distribution Law
- At equilibrium, the solute concentration ratio in two phases relates by the equation CE/CR = K.
- The distribution constant K must exceed unity for extract streams and be less than unity for raffinate streams.
Typical Extraction System in Industry
- Extraction systems necessitate at least one distillation column or another separation process to recover solvents from the extract.
- Additional distillation is required when solvents exhibit some miscibility in the feed to recover solvents from the raffinate.
Classification of Extractors
- Extractors can be categorized as single-stage or multi-stage systems.
Types of Extractor Equipment
- Single-stage extractors include mixer-settlers and decanters.
- Multi-stage extractors involve mixer-settler batteries and mechanically agitated extractors like Scheibel and rotating disk contactors.
Mixer-Settler
- Mixer-settlers are favored for reliability, operating flexibility, and high capacity in handling challenging systems.
- They accommodate viscous liquids and solid-liquid slurries but may require substantial space and material inventory.
- Operations can be continuous or batchwise, with mixer and settler configurations being integral or separate.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of liquid-liquid extraction, a vital technique for separating solutes from solutions. This quiz covers key concepts such as the roles of feed, solvent, and the phases formed during the extraction process. Understand its applications, including the recovery of important compounds like penicillin.