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Questions and Answers
What is a desirable characteristic of an ideal solvent for extraction?
What is a desirable characteristic of an ideal solvent for extraction?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of using water as a solvent?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of using water as a solvent?
What is a characteristic of the plant constituents that are easily extracted by water?
What is a characteristic of the plant constituents that are easily extracted by water?
Why may preservatives need to be added to aqueous preparations?
Why may preservatives need to be added to aqueous preparations?
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What type of compounds does alcohol dissolve?
What type of compounds does alcohol dissolve?
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What is a characteristic of the compounds that are not dissolved by alcohol?
What is a characteristic of the compounds that are not dissolved by alcohol?
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Why is a high amount of heat needed to concentrate an aqueous extraction?
Why is a high amount of heat needed to concentrate an aqueous extraction?
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What is an advantage of using water as a solvent?
What is an advantage of using water as a solvent?
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What is a common use of alcohol as a solvent?
What is a common use of alcohol as a solvent?
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What is the minimum concentration of alcohol required to prevent microbial contamination in an alcohol solution?
What is the minimum concentration of alcohol required to prevent microbial contamination in an alcohol solution?
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What is the primary advantage of using infusions for soft drugs?
What is the primary advantage of using infusions for soft drugs?
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What is the main disadvantage of using decocations for extraction?
What is the main disadvantage of using decocations for extraction?
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What is the purpose of stirring during the infusion process?
What is the purpose of stirring during the infusion process?
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Why is boiling water commonly used as a solvent in infusion?
Why is boiling water commonly used as a solvent in infusion?
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What is the primary advantage of using ABBA Anas?
What is the primary advantage of using ABBA Anas?
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What type of crude drugs are typically extracted using decocations?
What type of crude drugs are typically extracted using decocations?
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What is the duration of the infusion process?
What is the duration of the infusion process?
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What is the result of the infusion process?
What is the result of the infusion process?
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What is the primary purpose of boiling the crude drug with water in the extraction process?
What is the primary purpose of boiling the crude drug with water in the extraction process?
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What type of equipment is used in the digestion process of extraction?
What type of equipment is used in the digestion process of extraction?
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What is the main advantage of using digestion over other extraction methods?
What is the main advantage of using digestion over other extraction methods?
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What type of maceration process is used for tinctures made from unorganised drugs?
What type of maceration process is used for tinctures made from unorganised drugs?
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What is the purpose of shaking the mixture in the simple maceration process?
What is the purpose of shaking the mixture in the simple maceration process?
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What is the typical duration of the simple maceration process?
What is the typical duration of the simple maceration process?
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What is the purpose of pressing the marc in the simple maceration process?
What is the purpose of pressing the marc in the simple maceration process?
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What type of solvent is typically used in the simple maceration process?
What type of solvent is typically used in the simple maceration process?
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What is the purpose of using a closed vessel in the simple maceration process?
What is the purpose of using a closed vessel in the simple maceration process?
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What is the primary difference between simple distillation and fractional distillation?
What is the primary difference between simple distillation and fractional distillation?
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Which separation technique is based on the difference in physical properties of the components?
Which separation technique is based on the difference in physical properties of the components?
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What is the purpose of the glass beads in a fractionating column?
What is the purpose of the glass beads in a fractionating column?
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What is the term for the process of a substance changing directly from a solid to a gas?
What is the term for the process of a substance changing directly from a solid to a gas?
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Which of the following is an example of a substance that sublimes on heating?
Which of the following is an example of a substance that sublimes on heating?
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What is the purpose of using an inverted funnel in the sublimation process?
What is the purpose of using an inverted funnel in the sublimation process?
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Which separation technique is used to separate a mixture of a soluble substance and a solvent?
Which separation technique is used to separate a mixture of a soluble substance and a solvent?
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What is the main limitation of the sublimation process?
What is the main limitation of the sublimation process?
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What is the purpose of decantation in separating a mixture?
What is the purpose of decantation in separating a mixture?
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What is the principle behind fractional distillation?
What is the principle behind fractional distillation?
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Which of the following is an example of a product obtained through crystallization?
Which of the following is an example of a product obtained through crystallization?
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What happens to the dissolved substance during crystallization?
What happens to the dissolved substance during crystallization?
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What is the primary basis for separation in chromatography?
What is the primary basis for separation in chromatography?
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What happens to the components with the strongest attraction for the paper in chromatography?
What happens to the components with the strongest attraction for the paper in chromatography?
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What is the result of evaporation in crystallization?
What is the result of evaporation in crystallization?
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Which separation technique is used to separate ethanol from glucose solution?
Which separation technique is used to separate ethanol from glucose solution?
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What is the purpose of fractional distillation in the separation of crude oil?
What is the purpose of fractional distillation in the separation of crude oil?
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What is the result of fractional distillation of liquid air?
What is the result of fractional distillation of liquid air?
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What is the primary function of a menstruum in extraction?
What is the primary function of a menstruum in extraction?
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Which of the following solvents is considered polar?
Which of the following solvents is considered polar?
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What is the result of the extraction process?
What is the result of the extraction process?
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What is the advantage of using a polar solvent?
What is the advantage of using a polar solvent?
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What is the purpose of evaporation in the preparation of extractives?
What is the purpose of evaporation in the preparation of extractives?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of non-polar solvents?
Which of the following is a characteristic of non-polar solvents?
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What is the term for the concentrated preparation of vegetable or animal drugs obtained by removal of the active constituents?
What is the term for the concentrated preparation of vegetable or animal drugs obtained by removal of the active constituents?
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What is the primary purpose of the 'extractive solvent' in liquid-liquid extraction?
What is the primary purpose of the 'extractive solvent' in liquid-liquid extraction?
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What is the main characteristic of solid-liquid extraction?
What is the main characteristic of solid-liquid extraction?
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What is the primary purpose of galenicals?
What is the primary purpose of galenicals?
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What is the main difference between tinctures and galenicals?
What is the main difference between tinctures and galenicals?
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What is the primary advantage of using liquid-liquid extraction?
What is the primary advantage of using liquid-liquid extraction?
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What is the primary purpose of menstruum in extraction?
What is the primary purpose of menstruum in extraction?
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What is the primary characteristic of expression as a method of fragrance extraction?
What is the primary characteristic of expression as a method of fragrance extraction?
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Which of the following extraction methods involves the use of heat and pressure?
Which of the following extraction methods involves the use of heat and pressure?
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What is the primary purpose of using a closed vessel in the simple maceration process?
What is the primary purpose of using a closed vessel in the simple maceration process?
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Which type of solvent is most suitable for extracting thermolabile compounds?
Which type of solvent is most suitable for extracting thermolabile compounds?
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What is the primary advantage of using digestion over other extraction methods?
What is the primary advantage of using digestion over other extraction methods?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of maceration process?
Which of the following is NOT a type of maceration process?
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What is the purpose of pressing the marc in the simple maceration process?
What is the purpose of pressing the marc in the simple maceration process?
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What is the primary purpose of shaking the mixture during the simple maceration process?
What is the primary purpose of shaking the mixture during the simple maceration process?
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Which type of maceration process is used for tinctures made from unorganised drugs, where the final volume is made up by passing the remaining menstruum through the filter?
Which type of maceration process is used for tinctures made from unorganised drugs, where the final volume is made up by passing the remaining menstruum through the filter?
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What is the primary purpose of percolation process?
What is the primary purpose of percolation process?
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What is the purpose of shaking the mixture in the simple maceration process?
What is the purpose of shaking the mixture in the simple maceration process?
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What is the primary difference between multiple maceration and maceration with adjustment?
What is the primary difference between multiple maceration and maceration with adjustment?
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What type of percolator is used for tinctures and other preparations?
What type of percolator is used for tinctures and other preparations?
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What is the primary advantage of using multiple maceration over simple maceration?
What is the primary advantage of using multiple maceration over simple maceration?
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What is the primary purpose of the filter in the tincture preparation process?
What is the primary purpose of the filter in the tincture preparation process?
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What is the primary advantage of using infusions for soft drugs?
What is the primary advantage of using infusions for soft drugs?
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Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using alcohol as a solvent?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using alcohol as a solvent?
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What is the primary purpose of decocations?
What is the primary purpose of decocations?
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What is the minimum concentration of alcohol required to prevent microbial contamination in an alcohol solution?
What is the minimum concentration of alcohol required to prevent microbial contamination in an alcohol solution?
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What is the result of the infusion process?
What is the result of the infusion process?
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What is the primary function of a menstruum in extraction?
What is the primary function of a menstruum in extraction?
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What is the primary advantage of using alcohol as a menstruum?
What is the primary advantage of using alcohol as a menstruum?
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Which of the following is a crucial consideration when selecting a solvent for extraction?
Which of the following is a crucial consideration when selecting a solvent for extraction?
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What is the primary reason why water is not an ideal solvent for extracting active plant constituents?
What is the primary reason why water is not an ideal solvent for extracting active plant constituents?
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Alcohol is a good solvent for which of the following compounds?
Alcohol is a good solvent for which of the following compounds?
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What is the primary advantage of using a solvent with high selectivity?
What is the primary advantage of using a solvent with high selectivity?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a good menstruum?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a good menstruum?
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What is the primary reason why preservatives are added to aqueous preparations?
What is the primary reason why preservatives are added to aqueous preparations?
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Which of the following is a disadvantage of using water as a solvent?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of using water as a solvent?
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What is the primary purpose of heating during the extraction process?
What is the primary purpose of heating during the extraction process?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the compounds extracted by alcohol?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the compounds extracted by alcohol?
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What is the primary advantage of using a solvent with high capacity for extraction?
What is the primary advantage of using a solvent with high capacity for extraction?
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Study Notes
Liquid-Liquid Extraction
- Ideal solvents for extraction should be highly selective, have high capacity, not react with the compound or other plant material, be inexpensive, and harmless to humans and the environment.
- Commonly used solvents include water, ether, alcohol, and chloroform.
Advantages of Water as a Solvent
- Readily available and inexpensive
- Good solvent action for many plant constituents
- Can be used with other solvents
Disadvantages of Water as a Solvent
- Many active plant constituents are less soluble in water
- Water can extract undesirable components like sugars, gums, and tannins
- Aqueous preparations can support microbial growth, requiring preservatives like alcohol
- Requires a large amount of heat to concentrate the extraction
Alcohol as a Solvent
- Solvent for alkaloids, glycosides, volatile oils, and resins
- Dissolves many forms of coloring matter, tannins, and organic acids and salts
- Does not dissolve albuminous matter, gums, waxes, fats, or sugars
Advantages of Alcohol as a Solvent
- No microbial contamination in solutions with 20% or more concentration
- Requires minimal heat to concentrate the preparation
- Non-toxic and dissolves selected active constituents of drugs
Disadvantages of Alcohol as a Solvent
- Expensive
- Flammable
Extraction Processes
Infusion
- Process of extracting chemical compounds or flavors from plant material in a solvent
- Involves steeping the material in the solvent, then filtering off the liquid
- Used for soft drugs with water-soluble active constituents
Decoction
- Process of extracting water-soluble and heat-stable constituents from hard and woody crude drugs
- Involves boiling the drug in water for a specified time
Concoction
- Process of heating a mixture of two or more drugs for a specified period
Digestion
- Process using heat and pressure for extraction
- Involves using equipment like a pressure cooker or autoclave
- Efficient for extracting non-thermolabile materials due to high pressure and temperature
Maceration
- Various types include simple maceration, maceration with adjustment, and double and triple maceration
- Simple maceration involves mixing the drug with a menstruum, allowing it to stand for 7 days, then straining and pressing the liquid
General Separation Techniques
Decantation
- Involves pouring off the upper liquid layer to separate a liquid from an insoluble solid
Filtration
- Uses a porous barrier to separate a solid from a liquid
- Liquid passes through, leaving the solid in the filter paper
Sublimation
- Process of separating a solid that sublimes on heating from another substance with a high melting point
- Limited uses, as very few solids will sublime on heating
Distillation
- Used to separate homogeneous mixtures based on differences in boiling points
- Types include simple distillation and fractional distillation
Crystallization
- Technique that results in the formation of pure solid particles from a solution containing the dissolved substance
- Produces highly pure solids
Chromatography
- Separates components of a mixture based on their ability to be drawn across the surface of another material
- Components with the strongest attraction for the material travel the slowest
Extraction Processes
- Tinctures: Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable material or chemical substances (e.g. belladonna tincture)
- Expression: A method of fragrance extraction where raw materials are pressed, squeezed, or compressed, and the oils are collected
- Galenicals: Extracts initially obtained by leaching vegetables or animal tissues with suitable solvents, concentrated, and converted into dry extracts
- Some extraction products include:
- Fixed oils from seeds
- Alkaloids (e.g. quinine from Cinchona bark)
- Morphine from opium
- Reserpine from Rauvolfia serpentina
Classification of Extraction
- Solid-Liquid Extraction (Leaching):
- Separation of soluble constituents from a solid by extraction with a solvent
- Two stages: contact of solute with the liquid phase, and separation of the liquid phase from the solid phase
- Liquid-Liquid Extraction (Solvent Extraction or Partitioning):
- Separation of compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids (usually water and an organic solvent)
- Performed using a separatory funnel, where an extractive solvent is brought into contact with a solute-bearing solvent
Definitions
- Extraction: Treatment of plant or animal tissues with a solvent to dissolve medicinally active constituents, leaving behind inert matter
- Menstruum: Solvent used for extraction (e.g. water, alcohol, ether, acetone, etc.)
- Marc: Inert, fibrous, and insoluble materials remaining after extraction
- Extractives: Concentrated preparations of vegetable or animal drugs obtained by removal of active constituents with a suitable menstruum and evaporation of the solvent
Maceration with Adjustment
- Unorganised drug is placed with 4/5th of menstruum in a closed vessel for 2-7 days
- Shaking is done occasionally
- Liquid is filtered, and the final volume is made up by passing the remaining 1/5th of the menstruum through the filter
Multiple Maceration
- Used to establish maximum extraction by dividing the total quantity of menstruum into multiple macerations
- Repeating the process 2-4 times to make the extraction process more effective
Percolation
- Continuous flow of a solvent through a bed of drug material to obtain the extract
- Types of percolation:
- Simple percolation for tinctures
- Reserve percolation process
- Modified percolation process
- Continuous hot percolation or soxhelation
- Apparatus used: Conical Percolator, Cylindrical Percolator, Stem jacketed percolator
Concoction
- Heating a mixture of two or more drugs for a specified period of time
Digestion
- Using heat and pressure to extract non-thermolabile materials
- Equipment used: Pressure cooker or autoclave (called a digester)
Maceration
- Various types of maceration processes:
- Simple Maceration for tinctures made from organized drugs (e.g. roots, stems, leaves)
- Maceration with adjustment for unorganised drugs (e.g. oleo resins and gum resins)
- Double and triple maceration process for concentrated preparations
Advantages and Disadvantages of Solvents
- Advantages of water as a solvent:
- Readily available
- Cheap
- Good solvent action for many plant constituents
- Can be used with other solvents
- Disadvantages of water as a solvent:
- Most active plant constituents are less soluble in water
- Plant constituents like sugars, gums, starches, and tannins are easily extracted but may interfere with clarity of preparations
- Aqueous preparations serve as an excellent growth medium for microorganisms
- Advantages of alcohol as a solvent:
- Solvent for alkaloids, alkaloid salts, glycosides, volatile oils, and resins
- Does not dissolve albuminous matter, gums, waxes, fats, and sugars
- Disadvantages of alcohol as a solvent:
- Costly
- Flammable
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Description
Learning about different separation techniques and extraction processes.