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Questions and Answers
What does cloudiness in THF indicate?
What does cloudiness in THF indicate?
Which substance is used in the dehydration process for delicate tissues?
Which substance is used in the dehydration process for delicate tissues?
What is the main requirement for a clearing agent?
What is the main requirement for a clearing agent?
Which of the following is a property of xylene?
Which of the following is a property of xylene?
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Why is ethyl alcohol recommended as the best dehydrating agent?
Why is ethyl alcohol recommended as the best dehydrating agent?
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What does a blue discoloration indicate during the dehydration process?
What does a blue discoloration indicate during the dehydration process?
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What is the main disadvantage of using methyl alcohol as a dehydrating agent?
What is the main disadvantage of using methyl alcohol as a dehydrating agent?
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Which clearing agent is known for being highly inflammable?
Which clearing agent is known for being highly inflammable?
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What is the characteristic of tissues immersed in Molliflex?
What is the characteristic of tissues immersed in Molliflex?
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What is the recommended ratio of fluid to tissue volume for effective decalcification?
What is the recommended ratio of fluid to tissue volume for effective decalcification?
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Which factor does not influence the rate of decalcification?
Which factor does not influence the rate of decalcification?
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Why is dioxane considered a good dehydrating agent?
Why is dioxane considered a good dehydrating agent?
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Which acid is considered the fastest decalcifying agent?
Which acid is considered the fastest decalcifying agent?
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What is a disadvantage of using the physical or mechanical test for assessing decalcification?
What is a disadvantage of using the physical or mechanical test for assessing decalcification?
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What is a significant drawback of using concentrated nitric acid for decalcification?
What is a significant drawback of using concentrated nitric acid for decalcification?
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What ratio of fluid to tissue concentration is recommended to increase the speed of decalcification?
What ratio of fluid to tissue concentration is recommended to increase the speed of decalcification?
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Which of the following solutions is suitable for urgent biopsies where speed is necessary?
Which of the following solutions is suitable for urgent biopsies where speed is necessary?
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Which of the following agents is a weak decalcifying solution that should only be used for minute pieces of bone?
Which of the following agents is a weak decalcifying solution that should only be used for minute pieces of bone?
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What is a primary characteristic of triethyl phosphate?
What is a primary characteristic of triethyl phosphate?
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Which method is considered the most reliable for measuring the extent of decalcification?
Which method is considered the most reliable for measuring the extent of decalcification?
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What role does Chromic Acid play in tissue processing?
What role does Chromic Acid play in tissue processing?
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What is the pH level of Citric Acid – Citrate Buffer Solution?
What is the pH level of Citric Acid – Citrate Buffer Solution?
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What is a notable property of Cellosolve as a dehydrating agent?
What is a notable property of Cellosolve as a dehydrating agent?
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Which method of decalcification involves the use of electrical ionization?
Which method of decalcification involves the use of electrical ionization?
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What is the main purpose of metallic impregnation in tissue staining?
What is the main purpose of metallic impregnation in tissue staining?
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What role does a mordant play in indirect staining?
What role does a mordant play in indirect staining?
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Which of the following is an example of direct staining?
Which of the following is an example of direct staining?
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What is a characteristic of vital staining?
What is a characteristic of vital staining?
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Which dye is considered the best vital dye?
Which dye is considered the best vital dye?
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What is the function of an accentuator in the staining process?
What is the function of an accentuator in the staining process?
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What distinguishes supravital staining from other staining methods?
What distinguishes supravital staining from other staining methods?
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Which of the following statements about indirect staining is true?
Which of the following statements about indirect staining is true?
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Which of the following hematoxylin solutions is ripened by mercuric oxide?
Which of the following hematoxylin solutions is ripened by mercuric oxide?
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What is a feature of glycerin when used as a mounting medium?
What is a feature of glycerin when used as a mounting medium?
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Which mordant is used in Weigert's solution?
Which mordant is used in Weigert's solution?
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What does phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin primarily demonstrate?
What does phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin primarily demonstrate?
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Which mounting medium does not need to be heated before use?
Which mounting medium does not need to be heated before use?
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What is the refractive index of Apathy's medium?
What is the refractive index of Apathy's medium?
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Which statement about cochineal dyes is true?
Which statement about cochineal dyes is true?
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What characteristic is NOT attributed to alum or potassium aluminum when used as a mordant?
What characteristic is NOT attributed to alum or potassium aluminum when used as a mordant?
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Which dye is primarily used in neuropathological studies?
Which dye is primarily used in neuropathological studies?
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What is the refractive index of Canada Balsam?
What is the refractive index of Canada Balsam?
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Which of the following is known for its sensitivity to phospholipids?
Which of the following is known for its sensitivity to phospholipids?
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Which mounting medium is recommended for small tissue sections but can cause shrinkage?
Which mounting medium is recommended for small tissue sections but can cause shrinkage?
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What characteristic is true about Orcein?
What characteristic is true about Orcein?
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Which of the following mounting media has a refractive index of 1.532?
Which of the following mounting media has a refractive index of 1.532?
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Which resin dries quickly without retraction and preserves stains well?
Which resin dries quickly without retraction and preserves stains well?
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What is a common use for Best’s carmine?
What is a common use for Best’s carmine?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Fresh Tissue Examination/Fixation
- Tissue processing involves decalcification, a procedure to remove calcium or lime salts from tissues after fixation.
- Recommended ratio for fluid to tissue volume during decalcification is 20:1.
- Acids used for decalcification include nitric acid (most common and fastest), formic acid (used as both fixative and decalcifying agent), hydrochloric acid (moderately rapid), and others.
- Different acids have different applications, some are suitable for urgent biopsies, others bone specimens.
- Some acids might inhibit nuclear staining or damage tissues.
Methods of Decalcification
-
Nitric Acid: The most common decalcifying agent.
- Aqueous Nitric Acid solution (10%): For urgent biopsies for rapid diagnosis. (within 24hrs or less)
- Formol-nitric acid: Fast acting, for urgent biopsies. Turns tissue yellow. Neutralization is required with 5% sodium sulfate.
- Perenyi's fluid: Good nuclear and cytoplasmic staining, used for routine purposes, but not recommended for urgent cases. It contains chromic acid, ethyl alcohol, and nitric acid.
-
Other Acids:
- Trichloroacetic acid: Very slow acting, suitable for small bone spicules.
- Sulfurous acid: Suitable for very small bone pieces. Very slow acting.
- Chromic acid (Flemming's Solution): Acts as both fixative and decalcifying agent, often used for minute bone specimens; considered carcinogenic.
- Citric acid-citrate buffer solution: Excellent for nuclear and cytoplasmic staining, slow but effective, uses chloroform as a preservative.
Chelating Agents
- EDTA (Versene): Common chelating agent, recommended for detailed microscopic studies, often used with small specimens (1-3 weeks to several weeks for cortical bone).
- Ion exchange resin; Not recommended with acids like nitric or hydrochloric acid.
Decalcification Procedure
- The volume of decalcifying solution is 20-30 times the volume of the tissue.
- Decalcification time can vary from 1-14 days, depending on the specimen and procedure.
Tissue Softener's
- Perenyi's fluid: Acts as both decalcifying and tissue softener, and a 4% aqueous solution.
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Description
Explore the critical methods involved in fresh tissue examination with a focus on decalcification processes. This quiz covers various acids used for decalcification, their applications, and potential effects on tissue staining. Enhance your understanding of how these techniques are implemented in urgent biopsy scenarios.
