Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of a good decalcifying agent?
What is a characteristic of a good decalcifying agent?
- Difficult to prepare
- Stable (correct)
- Unstable
- Expensive
What is a factor that affects the rate of decalcification?
What is a factor that affects the rate of decalcification?
- Concentration of the agent (correct)
- Availability of the agent
- Ease of preparation
- Cost of the agent
Which of the following is NOT a type of decalcifying agent?
Which of the following is NOT a type of decalcifying agent?
- Acid
- Electrolysis (correct)
- Chelating Agents
- Ion Exchange Resin
What is an advantage of a good decalcifying agent?
What is an advantage of a good decalcifying agent?
What is a unique characteristic of a decalcifying agent?
What is a unique characteristic of a decalcifying agent?
What is a consideration when choosing a decalcifying agent?
What is a consideration when choosing a decalcifying agent?
What is the purpose of decalcification in tissue samples?
What is the purpose of decalcification in tissue samples?
Which of the following organs require decalcification?
Which of the following organs require decalcification?
What is the most common decalcifying agent used in tissue samples?
What is the most common decalcifying agent used in tissue samples?
What effect does nitric acid have on the tissue sample?
What effect does nitric acid have on the tissue sample?
What is the percentage of nitric acid used in decalcification?
What is the percentage of nitric acid used in decalcification?
Why is decalcification necessary for arteriosclerotic vessels?
Why is decalcification necessary for arteriosclerotic vessels?
What is a key characteristic of a good decalcifying agent?
What is a key characteristic of a good decalcifying agent?
Which of the following is NOT a variation of decalcifying agents?
Which of the following is NOT a variation of decalcifying agents?
What is the purpose of ROH in decalcifying agents?
What is the purpose of ROH in decalcifying agents?
What is the common brand of decalcifying agents that contains Na2EDTA?
What is the common brand of decalcifying agents that contains Na2EDTA?
What is the primary function of chelating agents in decalcification?
What is the primary function of chelating agents in decalcification?
What is the characteristic of Phloroglucinol-Nitric Acid?
What is the characteristic of Phloroglucinol-Nitric Acid?
Which of the following decalcifying agents is best suited for small bone fragments?
Which of the following decalcifying agents is best suited for small bone fragments?
What is the main advantage of using a simple decalcifying agent?
What is the main advantage of using a simple decalcifying agent?
What is the pH range at which Citric Acid Citrate Buffered Solution works best?
What is the pH range at which Citric Acid Citrate Buffered Solution works best?
What is the duration of the decalcification process using Electrophoresis for small tissue samples?
What is the duration of the decalcification process using Electrophoresis for small tissue samples?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a good decalcifying agent?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a good decalcifying agent?
What is the purpose of adding urea or Sodium Thiosulfate/sulfate to decalcifying agents?
What is the purpose of adding urea or Sodium Thiosulfate/sulfate to decalcifying agents?
What is the advantage of using Citric Acid Citrate Buffered Solution in decalcification?
What is the advantage of using Citric Acid Citrate Buffered Solution in decalcification?
What is the method used to measure the decalcification extent?
What is the method used to measure the decalcification extent?
What is the primary application of Electrophoresis in decalcification?
What is the primary application of Electrophoresis in decalcification?
What is the pH range at which Electrophoresis works best?
What is the pH range at which Electrophoresis works best?
What is the main purpose of using von Ebner's fluid in tissue decalcification?
What is the main purpose of using von Ebner's fluid in tissue decalcification?
Why is formic acid not recommended for use with hydrochloric acid and nitric acid?
Why is formic acid not recommended for use with hydrochloric acid and nitric acid?
What is the advantage of using formic acid in decalcification?
What is the advantage of using formic acid in decalcification?
What is the principle of using von Ebner's fluid in decalcification?
What is the principle of using von Ebner's fluid in decalcification?
What is the effect of using nitric acid in decalcification?
What is the effect of using nitric acid in decalcification?
How can the extent of decalcification be measured?
How can the extent of decalcification be measured?
What is the composition of von Ebner's fluid?
What is the composition of von Ebner's fluid?
What is the effect of using formic acid that contains a large amount of nitric acid in decalcification?
What is the effect of using formic acid that contains a large amount of nitric acid in decalcification?
Study Notes
Decalcification
- Decalcification facilitates normal cutting of tissue in sectioning and prevents obscuring microanatomical detail of tissue.
- Organs that require decalcification: bones, tuberculous lungs, arteriosclerotic vessels, and teeth.
Characteristics of a Good Decalcifying Agent
- Stable
- Easily available
- Inexpensive
- Easy to prepare
Factors Affecting Rate of Decalcification
- Concentration
- Nitric acid: 5-10%, fastest decalcifying agent, imparts yellow coloration to the tissue sample.
Types of Decalcifying Agents
- Acid: nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, formic acid, trichloroacetic acid, chromic acid, sulfurous acid, and citric acid citrate buffered solution.
- Chelating Agents: remove calcium ions from the tissue, used in immunohistochemistry and enzyme staining.
- Ion Exchange Resin: increases solubility, removes calcium ions, and is not recommended for hydrochloric acid and nitric acid fluids.
- Electrophoresis: attracts calcium ions to the cathode part of the agarose gel, shortens time, and utilizes 88% formic acid.
Nitric Acid
- 5-10% concentration
- Fastest decalcifying agent
- Imparts yellow coloration to the tissue sample
- Remedy: add urea or sodium thiosulfate/sulfate to remove nitrous acid
- Variations: 10% aqueous nitric acid solution, formol-nitric acid, perenyi's fluid, and phloroglucinol-nitric acid.
Hydrochloric Acid
- 1% concentration
- Provides good nuclear staining
- Slower and causes more distortion compared to nitric acid
- Variations: von ebner's fluid and hydrochloric acid with 36% NaCl + distilled water.
Formic Acid
- Good for routine decalcification of post-mortem research tissues, small pieces of bone and teeth, and ISH staining.
- If the formic acid contains a large amount of nitric acid, it produces better nuclear staining and less tissue distortion.
- Variations: formic acid and formic acid-sodium citrate solution.
Other Decalcifying Agents
- Trichloroacetic acid: best for small bone spicules, good nuclear staining, and slow.
- Chromic acid (flemming's fluid): best for minute bone spicules.
- Sulfurous acid: best for minute pieces of bone and weak.
- Citric acid citrate buffered solution: pH 4.5, used for minute bone spicules.
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Description
Learn about the importance of decalcification in histology, characteristics of a good decalcifying agent, and factors affecting the rate of decalcification.
