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What is a characteristic of a good decalcifying agent?
What is a characteristic of a good decalcifying agent?
What is a factor that affects the rate of decalcification?
What is a factor that affects the rate of decalcification?
Which of the following is NOT a type of decalcifying agent?
Which of the following is NOT a type of decalcifying agent?
What is an advantage of a good decalcifying agent?
What is an advantage of a good decalcifying agent?
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What is a unique characteristic of a decalcifying agent?
What is a unique characteristic of a decalcifying agent?
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What is a consideration when choosing a decalcifying agent?
What is a consideration when choosing a decalcifying agent?
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What is the purpose of decalcification in tissue samples?
What is the purpose of decalcification in tissue samples?
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Which of the following organs require decalcification?
Which of the following organs require decalcification?
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What is the most common decalcifying agent used in tissue samples?
What is the most common decalcifying agent used in tissue samples?
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What effect does nitric acid have on the tissue sample?
What effect does nitric acid have on the tissue sample?
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What is the percentage of nitric acid used in decalcification?
What is the percentage of nitric acid used in decalcification?
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Why is decalcification necessary for arteriosclerotic vessels?
Why is decalcification necessary for arteriosclerotic vessels?
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What is a key characteristic of a good decalcifying agent?
What is a key characteristic of a good decalcifying agent?
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Which of the following is NOT a variation of decalcifying agents?
Which of the following is NOT a variation of decalcifying agents?
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What is the purpose of ROH in decalcifying agents?
What is the purpose of ROH in decalcifying agents?
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What is the common brand of decalcifying agents that contains Na2EDTA?
What is the common brand of decalcifying agents that contains Na2EDTA?
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What is the primary function of chelating agents in decalcification?
What is the primary function of chelating agents in decalcification?
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What is the characteristic of Phloroglucinol-Nitric Acid?
What is the characteristic of Phloroglucinol-Nitric Acid?
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Which of the following decalcifying agents is best suited for small bone fragments?
Which of the following decalcifying agents is best suited for small bone fragments?
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What is the main advantage of using a simple decalcifying agent?
What is the main advantage of using a simple decalcifying agent?
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What is the pH range at which Citric Acid Citrate Buffered Solution works best?
What is the pH range at which Citric Acid Citrate Buffered Solution works best?
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What is the duration of the decalcification process using Electrophoresis for small tissue samples?
What is the duration of the decalcification process using Electrophoresis for small tissue samples?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a good decalcifying agent?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a good decalcifying agent?
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What is the purpose of adding urea or Sodium Thiosulfate/sulfate to decalcifying agents?
What is the purpose of adding urea or Sodium Thiosulfate/sulfate to decalcifying agents?
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What is the advantage of using Citric Acid Citrate Buffered Solution in decalcification?
What is the advantage of using Citric Acid Citrate Buffered Solution in decalcification?
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What is the method used to measure the decalcification extent?
What is the method used to measure the decalcification extent?
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What is the primary application of Electrophoresis in decalcification?
What is the primary application of Electrophoresis in decalcification?
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What is the pH range at which Electrophoresis works best?
What is the pH range at which Electrophoresis works best?
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What is the main purpose of using von Ebner's fluid in tissue decalcification?
What is the main purpose of using von Ebner's fluid in tissue decalcification?
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Why is formic acid not recommended for use with hydrochloric acid and nitric acid?
Why is formic acid not recommended for use with hydrochloric acid and nitric acid?
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What is the advantage of using formic acid in decalcification?
What is the advantage of using formic acid in decalcification?
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What is the principle of using von Ebner's fluid in decalcification?
What is the principle of using von Ebner's fluid in decalcification?
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What is the effect of using nitric acid in decalcification?
What is the effect of using nitric acid in decalcification?
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How can the extent of decalcification be measured?
How can the extent of decalcification be measured?
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What is the composition of von Ebner's fluid?
What is the composition of von Ebner's fluid?
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What is the effect of using formic acid that contains a large amount of nitric acid in decalcification?
What is the effect of using formic acid that contains a large amount of nitric acid in decalcification?
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Study Notes
Decalcification
- Decalcification facilitates normal cutting of tissue in sectioning and prevents obscuring microanatomical detail of tissue.
- Organs that require decalcification: bones, tuberculous lungs, arteriosclerotic vessels, and teeth.
Characteristics of a Good Decalcifying Agent
- Stable
- Easily available
- Inexpensive
- Easy to prepare
Factors Affecting Rate of Decalcification
- Concentration
- Nitric acid: 5-10%, fastest decalcifying agent, imparts yellow coloration to the tissue sample.
Types of Decalcifying Agents
- Acid: nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, formic acid, trichloroacetic acid, chromic acid, sulfurous acid, and citric acid citrate buffered solution.
- Chelating Agents: remove calcium ions from the tissue, used in immunohistochemistry and enzyme staining.
- Ion Exchange Resin: increases solubility, removes calcium ions, and is not recommended for hydrochloric acid and nitric acid fluids.
- Electrophoresis: attracts calcium ions to the cathode part of the agarose gel, shortens time, and utilizes 88% formic acid.
Nitric Acid
- 5-10% concentration
- Fastest decalcifying agent
- Imparts yellow coloration to the tissue sample
- Remedy: add urea or sodium thiosulfate/sulfate to remove nitrous acid
- Variations: 10% aqueous nitric acid solution, formol-nitric acid, perenyi's fluid, and phloroglucinol-nitric acid.
Hydrochloric Acid
- 1% concentration
- Provides good nuclear staining
- Slower and causes more distortion compared to nitric acid
- Variations: von ebner's fluid and hydrochloric acid with 36% NaCl + distilled water.
Formic Acid
- Good for routine decalcification of post-mortem research tissues, small pieces of bone and teeth, and ISH staining.
- If the formic acid contains a large amount of nitric acid, it produces better nuclear staining and less tissue distortion.
- Variations: formic acid and formic acid-sodium citrate solution.
Other Decalcifying Agents
- Trichloroacetic acid: best for small bone spicules, good nuclear staining, and slow.
- Chromic acid (flemming's fluid): best for minute bone spicules.
- Sulfurous acid: best for minute pieces of bone and weak.
- Citric acid citrate buffered solution: pH 4.5, used for minute bone spicules.
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Description
Learn about the importance of decalcification in histology, characteristics of a good decalcifying agent, and factors affecting the rate of decalcification.
