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Questions and Answers
What does the idiom 'kick the bucket' mean?
What does the idiom 'kick the bucket' mean?
How do idioms differ from phrases with restricted meanings?
How do idioms differ from phrases with restricted meanings?
What is the meaning of the proverb 'A stitch in time saves nine'?
What is the meaning of the proverb 'A stitch in time saves nine'?
What is an example of a phrase with restricted meanings?
What is an example of a phrase with restricted meanings?
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What is the primary function of an idiom?
What is the primary function of an idiom?
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Which of the following idioms indicates a disturbance or disruption?
Which of the following idioms indicates a disturbance or disruption?
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What does the phrase 'red herring' commonly refer to?
What does the phrase 'red herring' commonly refer to?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a proverb?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a proverb?
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What does the phrase 'keep tabs on' mean?
What does the phrase 'keep tabs on' mean?
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What is the term ‘dioecious’ referring to?
What is the term ‘dioecious’ referring to?
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Which best defines the term 'antirehabilitationist'?
Which best defines the term 'antirehabilitationist'?
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What does 'un-Clintonish' imply in the context of electioneering tactics?
What does 'un-Clintonish' imply in the context of electioneering tactics?
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Why might a learner of English struggle with the phrase 'keep tabs on'?
Why might a learner of English struggle with the phrase 'keep tabs on'?
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What is meant by words serving as 'building-blocks' of language?
What is meant by words serving as 'building-blocks' of language?
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In the sentence 'I keep notes on all my expenditure,' what does 'expenditure' refer to?
In the sentence 'I keep notes on all my expenditure,' what does 'expenditure' refer to?
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In the context of words as types and tokens, which of the following accurately describes the difference?
In the context of words as types and tokens, which of the following accurately describes the difference?
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Why do certain words have unpredictable meanings?
Why do certain words have unpredictable meanings?
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What does the suffix '-ly' generally indicate when added to an adjective?
What does the suffix '-ly' generally indicate when added to an adjective?
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What might a learner incorrectly interpret the sentence 'I keep tabs on all my expenditure' to mean?
What might a learner incorrectly interpret the sentence 'I keep tabs on all my expenditure' to mean?
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Which of the following demonstrates the concept of a non-word with unpredictable meanings?
Which of the following demonstrates the concept of a non-word with unpredictable meanings?
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How does a dictionary entry for a word benefit users?
How does a dictionary entry for a word benefit users?
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What is the significance of one-word commands like 'Fire!' or 'Go!' in language?
What is the significance of one-word commands like 'Fire!' or 'Go!' in language?
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What is an example of a 'token' in a sentence?
What is an example of a 'token' in a sentence?
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Which phrase exemplifies restricted meanings associated with words?
Which phrase exemplifies restricted meanings associated with words?
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A sentence must always contain more than one word.
A sentence must always contain more than one word.
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Words can have predictable meanings and must be listed in dictionaries.
Words can have predictable meanings and must be listed in dictionaries.
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In the sentence 'Mary goes to Edinburgh next week, and she intends going to Washington next month', there are fourteen distinct words.
In the sentence 'Mary goes to Edinburgh next week, and she intends going to Washington next month', there are fourteen distinct words.
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A dictionary entry typically includes a word, its definition, and grammatical information.
A dictionary entry typically includes a word, its definition, and grammatical information.
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The terms 'types' and 'tokens' refer to completely different concepts in linguistics.
The terms 'types' and 'tokens' refer to completely different concepts in linguistics.
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Warning shouts like 'Fire!' are examples of using single words outside of any sentence context.
Warning shouts like 'Fire!' are examples of using single words outside of any sentence context.
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Words are not considered the basic building-blocks of language.
Words are not considered the basic building-blocks of language.
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A one-word command can communicate meaning just as effectively as a multi-word sentence.
A one-word command can communicate meaning just as effectively as a multi-word sentence.
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Words with predictable meanings can be understood solely based on their individual sounds.
Words with predictable meanings can be understood solely based on their individual sounds.
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The term 'dioecious' refers to plants that have male and female flowers on the same plant.
The term 'dioecious' refers to plants that have male and female flowers on the same plant.
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Sound symbolism suggests a direct link between a word's sound and its meaning.
Sound symbolism suggests a direct link between a word's sound and its meaning.
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Onomatopoeic words are examples of sound symbolism where the sound reflects the meaning of the word.
Onomatopoeic words are examples of sound symbolism where the sound reflects the meaning of the word.
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The combination of recognizable parts in a word can help determine its overall meaning.
The combination of recognizable parts in a word can help determine its overall meaning.
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The association between most words and their meanings is inherently predictable across all languages.
The association between most words and their meanings is inherently predictable across all languages.
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Distinct dictionary entries for the same word in different copies of a dictionary represent different tokens of the same type.
Distinct dictionary entries for the same word in different copies of a dictionary represent different tokens of the same type.
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The word 'dioeciously' remains widely known among most readers.
The word 'dioeciously' remains widely known among most readers.
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The term 'dioecious' implies that male and female reproductive structures are found on the same plant.
The term 'dioecious' implies that male and female reproductive structures are found on the same plant.
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The phrase 'keep tabs on' is an idiom meaning to monitor or pay close attention to something.
The phrase 'keep tabs on' is an idiom meaning to monitor or pay close attention to something.
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A de-Yeltsinised government means it is influenced by Boris Yeltsin.
A de-Yeltsinised government means it is influenced by Boris Yeltsin.
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Native speakers of English may struggle to interpret the phrase 'keep tabs on' correctly.
Native speakers of English may struggle to interpret the phrase 'keep tabs on' correctly.
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'Antirehabilitationist' denotes a belief in the importance of rehabilitation in judicial punishment.
'Antirehabilitationist' denotes a belief in the importance of rehabilitation in judicial punishment.
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Idioms often have meanings that can be predicted by understanding the individual words that comprise them.
Idioms often have meanings that can be predicted by understanding the individual words that comprise them.
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The suffix '-ly' consistently indicates that something is done in a specific manner based on the corresponding adjective.
The suffix '-ly' consistently indicates that something is done in a specific manner based on the corresponding adjective.
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The sentence 'I keep notes on all my expenditure' presents a challenge for learners unfamiliar with the term 'expenditure'.
The sentence 'I keep notes on all my expenditure' presents a challenge for learners unfamiliar with the term 'expenditure'.
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The idiom 'kick the bucket' means to create a disturbance.
The idiom 'kick the bucket' means to create a disturbance.
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Proverbs are traditional sayings whose meaning differs from the literal interpretation of the words.
Proverbs are traditional sayings whose meaning differs from the literal interpretation of the words.
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The phrase 'red herring' is used to refer to a relevant argument.
The phrase 'red herring' is used to refer to a relevant argument.
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'Keep tabs on' functions similarly to a noun.
'Keep tabs on' functions similarly to a noun.
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The phrase 'white wine' has a semantically predictable meaning based on the individual words.
The phrase 'white wine' has a semantically predictable meaning based on the individual words.
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Too many cooks spoil the broth means that having many people involved can hinder task completion.
Too many cooks spoil the broth means that having many people involved can hinder task completion.
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'A stitch in time saves nine' suggests that it is better to address problems promptly rather than later.
'A stitch in time saves nine' suggests that it is better to address problems promptly rather than later.
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The meaning of 'white noise' is predictable based on the individual meanings of 'white' and 'noise'.
The meaning of 'white noise' is predictable based on the individual meanings of 'white' and 'noise'.
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A sentence must not always consist of more than one _____.
A sentence must not always consist of more than one _____.
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In linguistics, words can be categorized as types or _____.
In linguistics, words can be categorized as types or _____.
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A dictionary entry includes a word, its definition, and grammatical _____.
A dictionary entry includes a word, its definition, and grammatical _____.
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Words are considered the basic ____ of language.
Words are considered the basic ____ of language.
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The word 'month' is an example of a word that is _____ in meaning.
The word 'month' is an example of a word that is _____ in meaning.
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Warning shouts like 'Fire!' are examples of using single words outside any actual _____.
Warning shouts like 'Fire!' are examples of using single words outside any actual _____.
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In a sentence, repeated words may indicate that there are fewer distinct ____ than initially counted.
In a sentence, repeated words may indicate that there are fewer distinct ____ than initially counted.
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Words with unpredictable meanings must be listed in _____.
Words with unpredictable meanings must be listed in _____.
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Words listed in dictionaries are, at one level, ______, not tokens.
Words listed in dictionaries are, at one level, ______, not tokens.
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Onomatopoeic words are those whose sound reflects their ______.
Onomatopoeic words are those whose sound reflects their ______.
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Sound symbolism indicates a less direct relationship between sound and ______.
Sound symbolism indicates a less direct relationship between sound and ______.
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The word 'dioecious' describes plants that have male and female flowers on ______ plants.
The word 'dioecious' describes plants that have male and female flowers on ______ plants.
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A technical term for the situation where sound reflects a similarity in ______ is sound symbolism.
A technical term for the situation where sound reflects a similarity in ______ is sound symbolism.
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The combinations of identifiable parts in a word can help determine its overall ______.
The combinations of identifiable parts in a word can help determine its overall ______.
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In every language, the associations between most words and their meanings are purely ______.
In every language, the associations between most words and their meanings are purely ______.
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Examples of ______ words include 'bow-wow' and 'miaow', which mimic sounds of animal cries.
Examples of ______ words include 'bow-wow' and 'miaow', which mimic sounds of animal cries.
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A de-Yeltsinised government is one purged of the influence of ______.
A de-Yeltsinised government is one purged of the influence of ______.
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The meaning of the word ______ is clear, relating to a belief against rehabilitation in judicial systems.
The meaning of the word ______ is clear, relating to a belief against rehabilitation in judicial systems.
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In English, keep ______ on means to monitor or pay close attention to something.
In English, keep ______ on means to monitor or pay close attention to something.
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Sentences like 'I keep notes on all my ______' can be easily interpreted by learners familiar with the basic meanings of the words.
Sentences like 'I keep notes on all my ______' can be easily interpreted by learners familiar with the basic meanings of the words.
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The suffix '-ly' indicates that something is done ______ based on the corresponding adjective.
The suffix '-ly' indicates that something is done ______ based on the corresponding adjective.
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It may be difficult for learners to understand the expression 'keep ______ on' due to its idiomatic nature.
It may be difficult for learners to understand the expression 'keep ______ on' due to its idiomatic nature.
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An ______ is a term that describes plants which have male and female flowers on separate plants.
An ______ is a term that describes plants which have male and female flowers on separate plants.
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Sentences with non-words can confuse learners because their meanings are not always ______ from the meanings of the individual words.
Sentences with non-words can confuse learners because their meanings are not always ______ from the meanings of the individual words.
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An idiom meaning 'irrelevant argument' is referred to as a ______.
An idiom meaning 'irrelevant argument' is referred to as a ______.
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A proverb is a traditional saying whose conventional interpretation differs from the ______ meaning of the words it contains.
A proverb is a traditional saying whose conventional interpretation differs from the ______ meaning of the words it contains.
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The idiom 'kick the bucket' is commonly understood to mean ______.
The idiom 'kick the bucket' is commonly understood to mean ______.
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Phrases like 'white wine' and 'white coffee' demonstrate how individual words can have ______ meanings.
Phrases like 'white wine' and 'white coffee' demonstrate how individual words can have ______ meanings.
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The saying 'Too many cooks spoil the broth' means that too many people involved makes it harder to ______.
The saying 'Too many cooks spoil the broth' means that too many people involved makes it harder to ______.
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Many idioms behave more like ______ as they convey meanings that cannot be deduced from their individual words.
Many idioms behave more like ______ as they convey meanings that cannot be deduced from their individual words.
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The phrase 'keep tabs on' behaves rather like a ______.
The phrase 'keep tabs on' behaves rather like a ______.
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A phrase that indicates the nature of sound, such as 'white noise,' shows how words can be ______ in a given context.
A phrase that indicates the nature of sound, such as 'white noise,' shows how words can be ______ in a given context.
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Which of the following correctly defines a free morpheme?
Which of the following correctly defines a free morpheme?
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What is a bound morpheme?
What is a bound morpheme?
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Which of the following accurately describes a compound word?
Which of the following accurately describes a compound word?
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What characterizes cranberry morphemes?
What characterizes cranberry morphemes?
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Which of the following words contains a cranberry morpheme?
Which of the following words contains a cranberry morpheme?
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What role does a root morpheme play in word formation?
What role does a root morpheme play in word formation?
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Which example demonstrates a bound morpheme acting as a prefix?
Which example demonstrates a bound morpheme acting as a prefix?
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What is the primary reason for having multiple allomorphs for the plural morpheme '-s'?
What is the primary reason for having multiple allomorphs for the plural morpheme '-s'?
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What distinguishes an affix in morphology?
What distinguishes an affix in morphology?
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In the example 'helpfulness', which morpheme is the free morpheme?
In the example 'helpfulness', which morpheme is the free morpheme?
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Which of the following statements about affixes is true?
Which of the following statements about affixes is true?
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Which of the following provides an example of a word with one bound root and one free root?
Which of the following provides an example of a word with one bound root and one free root?
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Which of the following morphemes is considered a bound morpheme?
Which of the following morphemes is considered a bound morpheme?
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What is a defining feature of allomorphs?
What is a defining feature of allomorphs?
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Which of these pairs features all bound morphemes?
Which of these pairs features all bound morphemes?
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Which morpheme combination would result in a word with two bound roots?
Which morpheme combination would result in a word with two bound roots?
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Which option best describes a free morpheme?
Which option best describes a free morpheme?
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What distinguishes a bound morpheme from a free morpheme?
What distinguishes a bound morpheme from a free morpheme?
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Which of the following is an example of a cranberry morpheme?
Which of the following is an example of a cranberry morpheme?
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Which option describes the role of affixes in morphology?
Which option describes the role of affixes in morphology?
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What defines morpheme allomorphs?
What defines morpheme allomorphs?
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Which of the following is a bound morpheme?
Which of the following is a bound morpheme?
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Identify a characteristic of morphemes in complex words.
Identify a characteristic of morphemes in complex words.
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Which term refers to morphemes that do not have a semantic meaning when standing alone?
Which term refers to morphemes that do not have a semantic meaning when standing alone?
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What is the term for the study of the structure of words?
What is the term for the study of the structure of words?
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Morphemes can only consist of a single letter.
Morphemes can only consist of a single letter.
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Provide an example of a complex word that contains multiple morphemes.
Provide an example of a complex word that contains multiple morphemes.
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The Greek word ‘morphe’ means __________.
The Greek word ‘morphe’ means __________.
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Match the following examples to their corresponding morpheme characteristics:
Match the following examples to their corresponding morpheme characteristics:
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Which of the following statements about morphemes is true?
Which of the following statements about morphemes is true?
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A collection of morphemes that convey a complete meaning and cannot be decomposed is known as a __________.
A collection of morphemes that convey a complete meaning and cannot be decomposed is known as a __________.
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Idioms are considered simple morphemes.
Idioms are considered simple morphemes.
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What term is used for the non-root morphemes that precede the root of a word?
What term is used for the non-root morphemes that precede the root of a word?
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All morphemes in English can exist as free morphemes.
All morphemes in English can exist as free morphemes.
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What is an example of a compound word?
What is an example of a compound word?
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The vowel sound in the prefix 're-' can be pronounced as ______ when it means 'again' in words like 'rewrite'.
The vowel sound in the prefix 're-' can be pronounced as ______ when it means 'again' in words like 'rewrite'.
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Match the following examples to their respective categories of morphemes:
Match the following examples to their respective categories of morphemes:
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Which of the following is NOT a type of allomorph for the plural suffix '-s'?
Which of the following is NOT a type of allomorph for the plural suffix '-s'?
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The English language has more prefixes than suffixes.
The English language has more prefixes than suffixes.
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What do we call morphemes that can stand alone as words?
What do we call morphemes that can stand alone as words?
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What term describes the ability of human speech to be analyzable into meaningful and meaningless units?
What term describes the ability of human speech to be analyzable into meaningful and meaningless units?
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Bound morphemes can stand alone as single words.
Bound morphemes can stand alone as single words.
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What type of morpheme can stand by itself as a word?
What type of morpheme can stand by itself as a word?
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The morphemes associated with the words 'legible' and 'audience' are both __________ morphemes.
The morphemes associated with the words 'legible' and 'audience' are both __________ morphemes.
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Match the following examples with their type of morpheme:
Match the following examples with their type of morpheme:
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Morphemes like 'cran-' and 'huckle-' in 'cranberry' and 'huckleberry' are examples of __________ morphemes.
Morphemes like 'cran-' and 'huckle-' in 'cranberry' and 'huckleberry' are examples of __________ morphemes.
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All English vocabulary comes from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family.
All English vocabulary comes from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family.
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What is the regular method for forming plurals in English nouns?
What is the regular method for forming plurals in English nouns?
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Which of the following words has an irregular plural form?
Which of the following words has an irregular plural form?
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What is the past tense of the verb 'go'?
What is the past tense of the verb 'go'?
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In English, what typically distinguishes singular and plural forms of nouns?
In English, what typically distinguishes singular and plural forms of nouns?
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Which suffix is commonly used for creating irregular plural forms from nouns borrowed from Latin or Greek?
Which suffix is commonly used for creating irregular plural forms from nouns borrowed from Latin or Greek?
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What distinguishes suppletion from allomorphy?
What distinguishes suppletion from allomorphy?
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Which of the following exemplifies a noun lexeme with both singular and plural forms?
Which of the following exemplifies a noun lexeme with both singular and plural forms?
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Which grammatical structure refers to a group of words centered around a noun?
Which grammatical structure refers to a group of words centered around a noun?
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Which of the following pronouns indicates the nominative case?
Which of the following pronouns indicates the nominative case?
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What is the plural determinative form of 'that'?
What is the plural determinative form of 'that'?
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Which pair of terms represents the possessive forms of pronouns?
Which pair of terms represents the possessive forms of pronouns?
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Which grammatical class does 'without' belong to?
Which grammatical class does 'without' belong to?
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In terms of noun phrases, what grammatical effect do number contrasts demonstrate?
In terms of noun phrases, what grammatical effect do number contrasts demonstrate?
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Which of the following forms is NOT a determiner?
Which of the following forms is NOT a determiner?
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Which pronouns exhibit a form of suppletion between their nominative and accusative forms?
Which pronouns exhibit a form of suppletion between their nominative and accusative forms?
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Which determiner demonstrates a singular-plural contrast similar to 'this'?
Which determiner demonstrates a singular-plural contrast similar to 'this'?
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What is the reason that the possessive form does not count as an inflected form of the noun?
What is the reason that the possessive form does not count as an inflected form of the noun?
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Which statement accurately describes zero plurals in English?
Which statement accurately describes zero plurals in English?
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In the sentence 'Two deer were visible through the trees', what indicates that 'deer' is plural?
In the sentence 'Two deer were visible through the trees', what indicates that 'deer' is plural?
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Which of the following examples involves a noun that exists only in its plural form?
Which of the following examples involves a noun that exists only in its plural form?
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What grammatical distinction is primarily expressed morphologically in English nouns?
What grammatical distinction is primarily expressed morphologically in English nouns?
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In the sentence 'That man’s bicycle', what syntactic unit does the possessive form attach to?
In the sentence 'That man’s bicycle', what syntactic unit does the possessive form attach to?
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Which statement is true regarding countable nouns that change form to express their plurals?
Which statement is true regarding countable nouns that change form to express their plurals?
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How can one differentiate between singular and plural nouns in a sentence?
How can one differentiate between singular and plural nouns in a sentence?
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Which suffix indicates a property of being derived from an adjective?
Which suffix indicates a property of being derived from an adjective?
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What is a common characteristic of nouns formed by the suffix '-ess'?
What is a common characteristic of nouns formed by the suffix '-ess'?
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Verbs can be derived from which of the following word classes?
Verbs can be derived from which of the following word classes?
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Which adverb is an example of a morphologically complex adverb that does not contain '-ly'?
Which adverb is an example of a morphologically complex adverb that does not contain '-ly'?
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What does the prefix 'un-' generally signify when added to an adjective?
What does the prefix 'un-' generally signify when added to an adjective?
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Which suffix would you use to derive a noun indicating a devotee of a particular subject?
Which suffix would you use to derive a noun indicating a devotee of a particular subject?
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Which of the following is an example of a noun derived from a verb?
Which of the following is an example of a noun derived from a verb?
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Which adjectival form indicates a property of being through affixation?
Which adjectival form indicates a property of being through affixation?
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What is the term used to describe the process where a lexeme changes from one class to another without a physical change in form?
What is the term used to describe the process where a lexeme changes from one class to another without a physical change in form?
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In the examples provided, what grammatical transformation occurs to form nouns from the verbs stated in the sentences?
In the examples provided, what grammatical transformation occurs to form nouns from the verbs stated in the sentences?
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Which of the following pairs represents ambivalent noun-verb vocabulary?
Which of the following pairs represents ambivalent noun-verb vocabulary?
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What is the main characteristic of adjectives when they are converted into adverbs?
What is the main characteristic of adjectives when they are converted into adverbs?
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Which of the following statements about the verbs HOPE and FEAR is true?
Which of the following statements about the verbs HOPE and FEAR is true?
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Which example illustrates a verb form that has been inflected?
Which example illustrates a verb form that has been inflected?
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What type of suffix is used in the formation of the word 'performance' from 'perform'?
What type of suffix is used in the formation of the word 'performance' from 'perform'?
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Which of the following represents a verb and its various forms?
Which of the following represents a verb and its various forms?
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In the noun phrases derived from verb forms, what is typically added to indicate the noun form?
In the noun phrases derived from verb forms, what is typically added to indicate the noun form?
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What distinguishes a lexical item in linguistics?
What distinguishes a lexical item in linguistics?
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Which of the following choices best describes the relationship between 'perform' and 'performance'?
Which of the following choices best describes the relationship between 'perform' and 'performance'?
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What is the main focus of derivational morphology?
What is the main focus of derivational morphology?
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What is the correct word class classification of the word 'performance'?
What is the correct word class classification of the word 'performance'?
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Which base correctly represents a word that can take on a bound affix?
Which base correctly represents a word that can take on a bound affix?
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Which statement accurately describes the process of affixation?
Which statement accurately describes the process of affixation?
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Which of the following is NOT a grammatical feature to consider when classifying word forms?
Which of the following is NOT a grammatical feature to consider when classifying word forms?
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The word 'performance' is a variant of the lexeme 'perform'.
The word 'performance' is a variant of the lexeme 'perform'.
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Derivation involves the creation of new lexemes through affixation.
Derivation involves the creation of new lexemes through affixation.
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The suffix '-ance' is considered an inflectional suffix.
The suffix '-ance' is considered an inflectional suffix.
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Both 'perform' and 'performance' belong to the same word class.
Both 'perform' and 'performance' belong to the same word class.
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The base for an affixation process can be a root or a partially complete word form.
The base for an affixation process can be a root or a partially complete word form.
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There are only two forms of the lexeme PERFORMANCE.
There are only two forms of the lexeme PERFORMANCE.
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Derivational morphology deals with relationships between word forms rather than between lexemes.
Derivational morphology deals with relationships between word forms rather than between lexemes.
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The term 'affix' refers to a part of speech in linguistics.
The term 'affix' refers to a part of speech in linguistics.
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RESEMBLE is classified as a noun.
RESEMBLE is classified as a noun.
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HOPE and FEAR can function as both verbs and nouns.
HOPE and FEAR can function as both verbs and nouns.
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The noun forms of verbs undergo a significant change when derived.
The noun forms of verbs undergo a significant change when derived.
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Adverbs are created by adding suffixes to nouns.
Adverbs are created by adding suffixes to nouns.
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The process of conversion allows a lexeme to change its class without altering its form.
The process of conversion allows a lexeme to change its class without altering its form.
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Lexical items always have predictable meanings.
Lexical items always have predictable meanings.
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Inflectional processes change the word class of the words to which they apply.
Inflectional processes change the word class of the words to which they apply.
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Nominal counterparts of verbs typically include added suffixes.
Nominal counterparts of verbs typically include added suffixes.
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Mono-morphemic adverbs include words like SOON and NEVER.
Mono-morphemic adverbs include words like SOON and NEVER.
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All nouns derived from adjectives use the suffix -ness.
All nouns derived from adjectives use the suffix -ness.
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The prefix un- means 'to reverse the action of'.
The prefix un- means 'to reverse the action of'.
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The word GLASWEGIAN is derived from the free morpheme Glasgow.
The word GLASWEGIAN is derived from the free morpheme Glasgow.
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The suffix -ist often denotes a devotee of or expert on a particular subject.
The suffix -ist often denotes a devotee of or expert on a particular subject.
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Adjectives derived from other adjectives predominantly use suffixes.
Adjectives derived from other adjectives predominantly use suffixes.
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The suffix -hood denotes the state of being an X.
The suffix -hood denotes the state of being an X.
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The suffix -ity can be used to derive nouns from the base form of adjectives.
The suffix -ity can be used to derive nouns from the base form of adjectives.
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The term 'transitive verbs' refers to verbs that can function without an object.
The term 'transitive verbs' refers to verbs that can function without an object.
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The suffix '-ful' is used to form adjectives from verbs.
The suffix '-ful' is used to form adjectives from verbs.
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'Compose' can be transformed into 'decompose' using the prefix 'de-'.
'Compose' can be transformed into 'decompose' using the prefix 'de-'.
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The word 'readable' is derived from a verb using the suffix '-able'.
The word 'readable' is derived from a verb using the suffix '-able'.
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The term 'illegible' indicates that a text is easy to read.
The term 'illegible' indicates that a text is easy to read.
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Intransitive verbs like 'lie' do not have a direct object.
Intransitive verbs like 'lie' do not have a direct object.
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'Tangible' refers to something that cannot be touched or perceived physically.
'Tangible' refers to something that cannot be touched or perceived physically.
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The comparative construction 'more… than' can be used with the adjective 'interesting'.
The comparative construction 'more… than' can be used with the adjective 'interesting'.
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The suffix -ify can derive verbs from adverbial bases.
The suffix -ify can derive verbs from adverbial bases.
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The verb 'magnify' can be derived from a bound root.
The verb 'magnify' can be derived from a bound root.
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All adjectives used to derive -en verbs are disyllabic.
All adjectives used to derive -en verbs are disyllabic.
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The prefix en- forms verbs meaning 'cause to become X' from a variety of nouns and adjectives.
The prefix en- forms verbs meaning 'cause to become X' from a variety of nouns and adjectives.
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The suffix -ate can only be attached to nominal roots in English derivation.
The suffix -ate can only be attached to nominal roots in English derivation.
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The suffix -ness is known for yielding a large number of unexpected lexemes.
The suffix -ness is known for yielding a large number of unexpected lexemes.
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The word 'breathe' is related to a voiceless consonant conversion.
The word 'breathe' is related to a voiceless consonant conversion.
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Most bases to which the suffix -ate is attached are clear-cut nominal roots.
Most bases to which the suffix -ate is attached are clear-cut nominal roots.
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What defines a primary or root compound?
What defines a primary or root compound?
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In what way can secondary compounds be interpreted?
In what way can secondary compounds be interpreted?
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Which best represents a right-headed compound?
Which best represents a right-headed compound?
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Which statement correctly describes the stress pattern typical in compound words?
Which statement correctly describes the stress pattern typical in compound words?
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What is a characteristic of right-headed compounds?
What is a characteristic of right-headed compounds?
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Which of the following is an example of a secondary compound?
Which of the following is an example of a secondary compound?
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How does a faintheart differ from a typical compound?
How does a faintheart differ from a typical compound?
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What is an incorrect interpretation of the compound 'crime prevention'?
What is an incorrect interpretation of the compound 'crime prevention'?
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What primarily distinguishes compound nouns from noun phrases?
What primarily distinguishes compound nouns from noun phrases?
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Which type of compound is represented by the example 'hairnet'?
Which type of compound is represented by the example 'hairnet'?
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In terms of headedness, which statement about compound nouns is accurate?
In terms of headedness, which statement about compound nouns is accurate?
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What semantic property primarily influences the interpretation of compound nouns?
What semantic property primarily influences the interpretation of compound nouns?
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Which of the following compounds can be considered a verb-noun compound?
Which of the following compounds can be considered a verb-noun compound?
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Why is 'hair restorer' unambiguous in its meaning?
Why is 'hair restorer' unambiguous in its meaning?
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Which of the following is NOT a recognized type of compound?
Which of the following is NOT a recognized type of compound?
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Which of these compounds is an example of a preposition-noun (PN) type?
Which of these compounds is an example of a preposition-noun (PN) type?
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What is the defining feature of compound verbs?
What is the defining feature of compound verbs?
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Which type of compound verb is formed by joining a noun with a verb?
Which type of compound verb is formed by joining a noun with a verb?
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Which compound adjective example uses a preposition as its first element?
Which compound adjective example uses a preposition as its first element?
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What is true about right-headed compounds?
What is true about right-headed compounds?
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Which of the following describes compounds formed by affixation compared to those formed by compounding?
Which of the following describes compounds formed by affixation compared to those formed by compounding?
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What does 'head' refer to in the context of compounds?
What does 'head' refer to in the context of compounds?
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Which structure of compound verbs typically creates new meanings through derivation?
Which structure of compound verbs typically creates new meanings through derivation?
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Which type of compound is considered the most productive in forming new terms?
Which type of compound is considered the most productive in forming new terms?
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Verbs formed by compounding are more common than verbs derived by affixation.
Verbs formed by compounding are more common than verbs derived by affixation.
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Right-headed compounds have the leftmost element as the head.
Right-headed compounds have the leftmost element as the head.
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Preposition-verb compounds are the least common type of compound verbs.
Preposition-verb compounds are the least common type of compound verbs.
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All English compounds are right-headed.
All English compounds are right-headed.
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The compound 'fail-safe' refers to a process designed to return to a safe condition if it fails.
The compound 'fail-safe' refers to a process designed to return to a safe condition if it fails.
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New adjectives with the meaning 'too X' are readily formed from compounds with the preposition 'over'.
New adjectives with the meaning 'too X' are readily formed from compounds with the preposition 'over'.
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A compound verb can be created by adding 'under' to any verb in a competitive context.
A compound verb can be created by adding 'under' to any verb in a competitive context.
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Compounds formed with 'over-' can be classified as lexical items only if they follow strict rules.
Compounds formed with 'over-' can be classified as lexical items only if they follow strict rules.
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The term 'greenhouse' refers to a structure made of glass used for growing plants.
The term 'greenhouse' refers to a structure made of glass used for growing plants.
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The primary stress in the compound 'blackboard' is on the word 'board'.
The primary stress in the compound 'blackboard' is on the word 'board'.
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In English, roots are primarily bound rather than free.
In English, roots are primarily bound rather than free.
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The example 'hairnet' is classified as a phrase due to its predictable meaning.
The example 'hairnet' is classified as a phrase due to its predictable meaning.
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Phrases generally feature stress on the last word, while compounds stress the first element.
Phrases generally feature stress on the last word, while compounds stress the first element.
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The phrase 'toy factory' implies a factory that produces toys.
The phrase 'toy factory' implies a factory that produces toys.
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Semantic unpredictability is a consistent feature of both compounds and phrases.
Semantic unpredictability is a consistent feature of both compounds and phrases.
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The stress pattern in 'White House' indicates it is a compound word.
The stress pattern in 'White House' indicates it is a compound word.
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A primary compound like hairnet is predictable based solely on linguistic knowledge.
A primary compound like hairnet is predictable based solely on linguistic knowledge.
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Verbs are common elements in English compounds.
Verbs are common elements in English compounds.
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A secondary compound like crime prevention denotes a specific type of prevention.
A secondary compound like crime prevention denotes a specific type of prevention.
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The term 'faintheart' refers to a type of heart.
The term 'faintheart' refers to a type of heart.
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Hair restorer is an example of a primary compound.
Hair restorer is an example of a primary compound.
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The combination of recognizable parts in a word can clarify its meaning.
The combination of recognizable parts in a word can clarify its meaning.
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The interpretation of compounds always follows strictly linguistic rules.
The interpretation of compounds always follows strictly linguistic rules.
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Compound nouns in English are primarily formed from verbs.
Compound nouns in English are primarily formed from verbs.
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In a verbal compound, the first element usually denotes the subject of the action.
In a verbal compound, the first element usually denotes the subject of the action.
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In the compound noun 'hair restorer,' the left-hand element and right-hand element together create a clear meaning.
In the compound noun 'hair restorer,' the left-hand element and right-hand element together create a clear meaning.
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The majority of compound nouns in English have the main stress on the right.
The majority of compound nouns in English have the main stress on the right.
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Almost any combination of two nouns can form a compound in English.
Almost any combination of two nouns can form a compound in English.
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The meanings of terms like 'butterfly net' and 'hair net' are derived solely from the meaning of the word 'net.'
The meanings of terms like 'butterfly net' and 'hair net' are derived solely from the meaning of the word 'net.'
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Hair nets, butterfly nets, and mosquito nets are examples of compounds whose meanings are immediately clear from their components.
Hair nets, butterfly nets, and mosquito nets are examples of compounds whose meanings are immediately clear from their components.
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Home compound nouns often require knowledge of their specific usage to understand their meanings effectively.
Home compound nouns often require knowledge of their specific usage to understand their meanings effectively.
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The complexity of new vocabulary needs primarily arises from changes in activities and properties.
The complexity of new vocabulary needs primarily arises from changes in activities and properties.
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The plural of the phrase jack-in-the-box is formed by adding -s to the head noun.
The plural of the phrase jack-in-the-box is formed by adding -s to the head noun.
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A compound whose first element is 'ham' can be semantically appropriate for a cheeseburger.
A compound whose first element is 'ham' can be semantically appropriate for a cheeseburger.
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Brother-in-law is a phrasal word that behaves like a compound since it forms its plural by adding -s only to the head noun.
Brother-in-law is a phrasal word that behaves like a compound since it forms its plural by adding -s only to the head noun.
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Blends are compounds where at least one component is fully reproduced.
Blends are compounds where at least one component is fully reproduced.
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Acronyms are always pronounced by stating each letter in turn.
Acronyms are always pronounced by stating each letter in turn.
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Phrasal words can only be noun phrases and cannot include adjectives or verb phrases.
Phrasal words can only be noun phrases and cannot include adjectives or verb phrases.
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NATO stands for North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
NATO stands for North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
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Died-in-the-wool is an example of a word that behaves like a phrase in terms of structure but acts as an adjective.
Died-in-the-wool is an example of a word that behaves like a phrase in terms of structure but acts as an adjective.
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The term 'blends' refers specifically to compound words created from two full components.
The term 'blends' refers specifically to compound words created from two full components.
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The expression jack-in-the-box technically functions as a word due to its meaning, despite being a noun phrase.
The expression jack-in-the-box technically functions as a word due to its meaning, despite being a noun phrase.
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The word 'sonar' is an example of a blend that combines elements from different words.
The word 'sonar' is an example of a blend that combines elements from different words.
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The phrase couldn't-care-less has a structure of a verb phrase but functions as a noun.
The phrase couldn't-care-less has a structure of a verb phrase but functions as a noun.
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In terms of structure, phrasal words resemble phrases, but they behave syntactically like single words.
In terms of structure, phrasal words resemble phrases, but they behave syntactically like single words.
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Phrasal words can express relationships that are similar to those in syntax.
Phrasal words can express relationships that are similar to those in syntax.
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All compounds in English follow the same structural rules as phrases.
All compounds in English follow the same structural rules as phrases.
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The demand for new noun vocabulary is less prominent in fields like information technology.
The demand for new noun vocabulary is less prominent in fields like information technology.
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Study Notes
Introduction to English Morphology
- English morphology studies the internal structure of words
- Chapter 2 focuses on words, sentences, and dictionaries
Words as Meaningful Building Blocks of Language
- Words are fundamental units in language
- Words are categorized as types and tokens
- Meaning of most words is predictable
- Some words have unpredictable meanings (non-words)
Words as Types and Tokens
- Words as types are categories of words with similar meanings
- Words as tokens are individual instances of a word
- Tokens of the same type can be different occurrences
Words with Predictable Meanings
- Some words' meanings can be predicted from their sounds
- Onomatopoeic words mimic sounds (e.g., "meow," "buzz")
- Sound symbolism: words with similar sounds often have related meanings (e.g., "smooth," "slippery")
- Most word meanings are conventional, not based on sound alone
Non-Words with Unpredictable Meanings
- Complex phrases (more than one word) may have meanings not directly predicted from individual component words
- Idioms are fixed phrases with non-literal meanings (e.g. "keep tabs on", "kick the bucket")
- Collocationally restricted phrases have conventional meanings (e.g., "white wine," "white coffee")
- Proverbs are fixed phrases, expressing a conventional, non-literal meaning (e.g., "a stitch in time saves nine", "too many cooks spoil the broth")
Conclusion
- Words, phrases, and sentences have varying relationships and varying degrees of predictability
- Predictability of meaning can vary depending on the context
- Dictionaries may list or not list proverbs and idioms depending on specific dictionaries' conventions, or the task they are trying to perform.
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Description
Explore Chapter 2 of English Morphology, where we delve into the structure and categorization of words. Understand the difference between word types and tokens, and discover how meanings can be predictable or unpredictable based on sound and context. This chapter emphasizes the role of words as foundational elements of language.
