M+S L3)Morphology and Syntax: Word Formation

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Questions and Answers

What is the term for a word that consists of one free morpheme?

  • Polymorpheme
  • Simplex word (correct)
  • Complex word
  • Compound word

Which of the following is an example of a bound morpheme?

  • Music
  • Couch
  • Pre- (correct)
  • Toad

What is the term for the process of creating new words by adding morphemes to a root word?

  • Inflection
  • Syntax
  • Derivation (correct)
  • Morphology

Which of the following is an example of an inflectional change?

<p>Child &gt; children (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a word that consists of multiple morphemes?

<p>Complex word (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a word that is formed by combining two or more free morphemes?

<p>Compound word (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a right-headed compound word?

<p>The first part is usually stressed and the base is always the final word (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of compound word is 'jumpsuit'?

<p>Verb-noun compound (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a compound word with no space between words?

<p>Closed compound (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an adjective compound?

<p>Sky blue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a word that is formed by combining two or more bases?

<p>Compound word (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a compound word that consists of a verb and a preposition?

<p>Preposition Compound (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a derivational suffix?

<p>It changes the part of speech of the base word (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following words is an example of a verb compound?

<p>Spoon-feed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a compound word that consists of a noun and a verb?

<p>Noun Compound (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following words is an example of an adjective compound?

<p>Ice-cold (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a compound word that consists of a verb and another verb?

<p>Verb Compound (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following words is an example of a preposition compound?

<p>Sun-down (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between inflectional and derivational morphology?

<p>Inflectional morphology involves changing a word's form to fit grammatical contexts, whereas derivational morphology involves creating new words with different meanings or categories from their bases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a word that consists of a root word and one or more bound morphemes?

<p>Complex word</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of derivational morphology?

<p>To create new words with different meanings or categories from their bases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does inflectional morphology differ from derivational morphology in terms of the resulting words?

<p>Inflectional morphology creates sub-forms of a word, whereas derivational morphology creates new words with different meanings or categories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of morphemes in word formation?

<p>To create new words or modify existing words to convey different meanings or grammatical functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between a lexeme and a morpheme?

<p>A lexeme is a word or a unit of meaning, and a morpheme is a component of a lexeme that conveys a specific meaning or function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a noun compound and an adjective compound in terms of their constituent parts?

<p>A noun compound consists of two nouns or an adjective and a noun, whereas an adjective compound consists of a noun and an adjective or two adjectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the linguistic term for the process of creating a new word by combining a base with a derivational suffix or prefix?

<p>Derivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the stress pattern of a compound word typically differ from that of a non-compound word?

<p>The first part of a compound word is usually stressed, whereas the stress pattern of a non-compound word can vary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key distinction between an inflectional suffix and a derivational suffix in terms of their function?

<p>Inflectional suffixes indicate grammatical function, whereas derivational suffixes change the meaning or part of speech of a word.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a word that consists of two or more free morphemes, and what is an example of such a word?

<p>A compound word, such as 'windmill'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a close compound and an open compound in terms of their orthography?

<p>A close compound has no space between the words, whereas an open compound has an apparent space between the words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of compound word is 'loudmouth' and what is the classification of this compound word?

<p>'Loudmouth' is an adjective compound and it is classified as 'A' (n.+ adj.)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of compound word is 'breakdown' and what is the classification of this compound word?

<p>'Breakdown' is a verb compound and it is classified as 'D' (prep.+ v.)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a word that consists of a verb and a preposition, as seen in the word 'drive-through'?

<p>The term for a word that consists of a verb and a preposition is a preposition compound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of compound word is 'cutthroat' and what is the classification of this compound word?

<p>'Cutthroat' is a noun compound and it is classified as 'A' (n.+ n.)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of compound word is 'snowman' and what is the classification of this compound word?

<p>'Snowman' is a noun compound and it is classified as 'A' (n.+ n.)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of compound word is 'whitewash' and what is the classification of this compound word?

<p>'Whitewash' is a verb compound and it is classified as 'B' (adj.+ v.)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Simplex word

A word consisting of only one free morpheme.

Bound morpheme

A morpheme that cannot stand alone as a word (e.g., 'pre-', '-ing').

Derivation

Creating new words by adding morphemes to a root word.

Inflectional change

Changing a word's form to indicate grammatical function (e.g., pluralizing 'child' to 'children').

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Complex word

A word that consists of multiple morphemes.

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Compound word

A word formed by combining two or more free morphemes.

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Right-headed compound word

Typically stresses the first part, with the final word as the base.

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Verb-noun compound

A compound word made of a verb and a noun.

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Closed compound

A compound word with no space between the constituent words.

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Adjective compound

A compound word that functions as an adjective.

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Compound word

A word that is formed by combining two or more bases.

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Preposition Compound

A word formed by combining a verb and a preposition.

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Derivational suffix

A suffix that changes part of speech of the base word.

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Verb compound

A compound consisting of two verbs.

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Noun Compound

A compound work that consists of a noun and a verb

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Adjective compound

Compound made up of two adjectives.

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Verb Compound

A compound consisting of two verbs.

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Preposition Compound

Compound made up of verb and preposition.

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Inflectional vs. Derivational Morphology

Changing a word's form for grammatical context, creating new words with related but different meaning.

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Complex word

A word consisting of a root and one or more bound morphemes.

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Derivational morphology

Creating words with different meanings or categories than their bases.

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Inflectional vs. Derivational outcomes

One creates sub-forms; the other creates new words.

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Purpose of morphemes

To create new words or modify words conveying meaning or grammatical function.

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Lexeme vs Morpheme

A word or unit of meaning, and a component that conveys meaning function.

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Constituent parts

One consists of nouns, adjectives and nouns; the other of adjectives and nouns or adjectives.

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Derivation

Combining a base with a derivational suffix or prefix.

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Stress pattern

First part is stressed; the other varies.

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Suffix: Inflectional vs Derivational

Indicating grammar vs meaning/speech

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Close vs Open

Has no space; one with space

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'Loudmouth' Compound

'Loudmouth' is an adjective compound.

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'Breakdown' Compound

Breakdown is a verb compound.

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Verb & Prep Compounds.

Prep compound. Verb + Preposition

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'Cutthroat' Compound

Cutthroat is a noun compound

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'Snowman' Compound

Snowman is a noun compound

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'Whitewash' Compound

Whitewash is a verb compound

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Study Notes

Morphology and Syntax

  • Morphology: study of structure and formation of words
  • Syntax: study of arrangement of words to form sentences

Classification of Compounding

  • Compounding: word formation process where two or more words combine to form a new word
  • Types of compounding:
    • Noun Compound: (A) n.+ n.: windmill, bookstore, fireengine, oil-well; (B) adj.+ n.: greenhouse, blue-bird, blackboard, hard hat; (C) v.+ n.: jumpsuit
    • Adjective Compound: (A) n.+ adj.: sky blue, cherry red, rock hard, citywide; (B) adj.+ adj.:
    • Verb Compound: (A) n.+ v.: spoon-feed, steam-roll, babysit, rainfall; (B) adj.+ v.: dry-clean, whitewash, lowrise, slow-cook; (C) v.+ v.: drop-kick, sleepwalk; (D) prep.+ v.: over-develop
    • Preposition Compound: (A) n.+ prep.: sundown, sun-up; (B) adj.+ prep.: slowdown; (C) v.+ prep.: breakdown, drive-through

Inflection and Derivation

  • Inflection: formation of new words by adding affixes to roots, does not change word category or meaning
  • Derivation: formation of new words by adding affixes to roots, changes word category or meaning
  • Inflectional categories:
    • Noun: (A) Number: child > children, mouse > mice; (B) Possession: boy's
    • Verb: (A) Person: I teach > he teaches; (B) Tense & Aspect: do > did, done; (C) Voice: follow > following, followed
    • Adjective: Degree: lovely > lovelier, loveliest
  • Derivational categories:
    • Meaning Change: unease, mislead, designer, dentist
    • Category / Class Change: democracy, democratize, democrat, democratic

Morphemes and Lexemes

  • Morpheme: smallest unit of language that carries meaning
  • Lexeme: individual word or dictionary word
  • Types of morphemes:
    • Free morpheme: can stand alone as a word
    • Bound morpheme: cannot stand alone as a word
  • Examples of morphemes: pre-, dis-, in-, un-, trans-, -ful, -able, -ment, -ise, ly…

Tree Diagram

  • Visual representation of word structure and formation

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