Introduction to Emotion
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Questions and Answers

What contributes to interpersonal attraction?

  • Proximity (correct)
  • Social media presence
  • Financial status
  • Dietary choices

Altruism is solely motivated by self-interest.

False (B)

Define personality.

Personality refers to an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Interpersonal attraction often involves factors such as proximity, physical attractiveness, __________, and reciprocity.

<p>similarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the conflict resolution strategies with their descriptions:

<p>Communication = Fostering understanding and empathy Cooperation = Reducing intergroup hostility Conciliation = Promoting reconciliation through forgiveness Dialogue = Encouraging open discussion to resolve differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes social psychology?

<p>The exploration of how social context influences thoughts and behaviors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study of group dynamics is irrelevant to understanding social change.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of altruism in social interactions?

<p>Altruism promotes unselfish concern for the welfare of others, enhancing social bonds and community support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of personality is responsible for our internalized moral standards?

<p>Superego (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Humanistic theories focus exclusively on unconscious motives and conflicts.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do trait theories aim to identify and measure?

<p>Fundamental dimensions of personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

Psychodynamic theories were pioneered by __________.

<p>Sigmund Freud</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following personality theories with their main focus:

<p>Psychodynamic theories = Unconscious motives Humanistic theories = Personal growth Trait theories = Stable traits Social-Cognitive theories = Interaction of traits and social context</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is NOT typically measured in trait theories?

<p>Creativity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Introverts are often regarded as having negative traits in personality assessments.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central concept in personality psychology that social-cognitive theorists are interested in?

<p>The self</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to social-cognitive theories, our __________ influences our thoughts and behaviors.

<p>beliefs and expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the ego?

<p>The rational decision-making part (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the main focus of the Five-Factor Model of Personality?

<p>Describing broad dimensions of personality traits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiment showed that children learn behaviors primarily through direct experience.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What therapeutic approach did Albert Ellis develop?

<p>Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

David Rosenhan conducted a notable study on the _____ of psychiatric diagnoses.

<p>validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the psychologists with their contributions:

<p>Albert Bandura = Social learning theory Aaron Beck = Cognitive therapy for depression Gordon Allport = Trait theory of personality Marsha Linehan = Dialectical Behavior Therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which emotion-focused therapeutic approach combines mindfulness and acceptance strategies?

<p>Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Superordinate goals can foster competition and increase conflict between groups.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model is widely accepted for understanding personality traits?

<p>The Five-Factor Model of Personality (Big Five)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Albert Ellis is known for developing _____, a cognitive-behavioral therapy.

<p>Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of Beck's cognitive theory of depression?

<p>Negative thoughts and beliefs contribute to depression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of a psychological disorder?

<p>Clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion, or behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diagnosing psychological disorders does not consider cultural norms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for something to be classified as a psychological disorder?

<p>Clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Psychological disorders are often associated with __________ in social, occupational, or other important activities.

<p>distress or disability</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following therapeutic approaches with their descriptions:

<p>Cognitive Behavioral Therapy = Focuses on changing negative thought patterns Psychoanalysis = Explores unconscious motives and childhood experiences Humanistic Therapy = Emphasizes personal growth and self-actualization Behavior Therapy = Uses conditioning techniques to modify behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory of emotion propose is necessary to experience emotion?

<p>Both physical arousal and cognitive label (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Milgram's experiments focused on the effects of social roles and conformity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who conducted the Stanford Prison experiment?

<p>Philip Zimbardo</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carl Rogers developed _____ therapy, which emphasizes empathy and unconditional positive regard.

<p>client-centered</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the psychologist with their main contribution:

<p>Sigmund Freud = Psychoanalytic theory Stanley Schachter = Two-factor theory of emotion Abraham Maslow = Hierarchy of needs Bibb Latané = Bystander effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon did Latané and Darley investigate?

<p>Bystander effect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The humanistic approach emphasizes fulfilling basic needs for personal development.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Solomon Asch's experiments primarily demonstrate?

<p>Conformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Freud emphasized the influence of _____ experiences on personality development.

<p>childhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory disagrees with the idea that emotional responses are caused by the body’s slow and similar responses?

<p>Cannon-Bard theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Interpersonal Attraction

Positive feelings you have for another person.

Altruism

Unselfish concern for the well-being of others.

Personality

A person's stable patterns of thinking, feeling and acting.

Social Context

How surroundings influence thoughts, feelings and actions.

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Conflict Resolution

Strategies to solve disagreements and promote peace.

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Communication (Conflict)

Talking to understand and empathize with others in conflict.

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Cooperation (Conflict)

Working together to achieve shared goals to reduce hostility.

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Conciliation

Actions to promote reconciliation between groups.

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Psychodynamic theories

Focus on unconscious motives and conflicts that shape personality.

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Id

Primitive, instinctual drives in personality.

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Ego

Rational, decision-making part of personality.

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Superego

Internalized moral standards and ideals.

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Humanistic theories

Focus on human potential, growth, and self-actualization.

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Trait theories

Identify and measure dimensions of personality (like extraversion).

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Introversion

A personality trait characterized by less outgoing and social behaviour.

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Social-cognitive theories

Focus on how traits and social context interact to shape behaviour.

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Self-concept

Our beliefs about who we are.

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Self-esteem

Our overall sense of self-worth.

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Psychological Disorder

A pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors causing significant distress or impairment in daily life. Often associated with unusual or dysfunctional experiences.

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Clinical Significance

Describes how a psychological disorder significantly affects an individual's well-being or ability to function in daily life.

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Disturbance in Emotion Regulation

A component of psychological disorders where individuals struggle to manage their emotions appropriately.

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Cultural Context

The influence of societal norms, beliefs, and values in understanding and diagnosing psychological disorders.

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Cultural Norms

Expected behaviors and beliefs within a specific society or group.

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James-Lange Theory

This theory proposes that we experience emotions because of our physiological responses.

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Cannon-Bard Theory

This theory argues that physiological responses and emotional experiences happen simultaneously.

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Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

This theory states that we experience emotion when we have physiological arousal and cognitively label that arousal.

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Stanford Prison Experiment

This study examined the influence of social roles and situational factors on behavior, showing how easily people can adopt assigned roles.

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Asch Conformity Experiment

This research showed how people tend to conform to group opinions, even when they know the group is wrong.

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Milgram Obedience Experiment

This study demonstrated how readily people obey authority figures, even when asked to perform morally questionable actions.

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Bystander Effect

This phenomenon describes the decreased likelihood of individuals helping in an emergency when other bystanders are present.

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Psychoanalytic Theory

Freud's theory emphasizes the unconscious mind and the impact of early childhood experiences on personality development.

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Humanistic Psychology

This approach focuses on human growth potential, self-actualization, and meeting basic needs.

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Client-Centered Therapy

This therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, emphasizes empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard in the therapeutic relationship.

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Social Learning Theory

This theory suggests that we learn behaviors by observing and imitating others, especially those we admire.

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Self-Efficacy

This refers to our belief in our ability to succeed in a specific situation.

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Observational Learning

The process of learning by watching and modeling the behaviors of others.

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Trait Theory of Personality

This theory proposes that personality is a combination of stable, enduring characteristics called traits.

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Five-Factor Model of Personality

This model describes personality through five broad dimensions: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

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Cognitive Theory of Depression

This theory suggests that negative thoughts, beliefs, and expectations contribute to depression.

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Cognitive Therapy

This therapy aims to help people change their negative thought patterns by identifying, challenging, and replacing them with more realistic and positive ones.

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Rosenhan's Study

This study highlighted the potential for bias in psychiatric diagnoses by simulating false symptoms.

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Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

This therapy focuses on challenging and changing irrational beliefs that contribute to emotional distress.

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Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

This comprehensive therapy aims to treat borderline personality disorder by combining cognitive-behavioral techniques, mindfulness, and acceptance strategies.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Emotion

  • Emotion is a complex psychological state with three components:
    • Physiological arousal (bodily responses)
    • Expressive behaviors (outward signs)
    • Conscious experience (subjective feelings)

Theories of Emotion

  • James-Lange theory: Emotional experience follows physiological responses.
  • Cannon-Bard theory: Physiological responses and emotional experience occur simultaneously.
  • Arousal, Behavior, and Cognition theory: Emotion involves arousal, outward behaviors, and cognitive interpretation.

Embodied Emotion

  • Emotions are grounded in bodily sensations and responses.
  • The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a vital role in generating physiological changes associated with emotions.
    • The sympathetic division prepares the body for action.
    • The parasympathetic division calms the body.

Thinking Critically About Lie Detection

  • Polygraph tests are not foolproof; anxiety, guilt, and other factors can mimic physiological arousal associated with lying.

Detecting Emotion in Others

  • Recognizing emotions relies heavily on nonverbal cues (facial expressions, body language, tone of voice).
  • These abilities develop early in life, suggesting a biological basis.

Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior

  • Women often excel at reading emotional cues.
  • This may be linked to cultural expectations, socialization, or biological factors.

Culture and Emotional Expression

  • Cultural norms influence how emotions are expressed.
  • Facial expressions are often interpreted differently across cultures.

The Effects of Facial Expressions

  • Facial expressions can influence emotional experiences. For example, smiling can enhance feelings of happiness.

Experiencing Emotion

  • Anger: Triggered by threats, frustrations, or injustices. Healthy expression is crucial.
  • Happiness: Subjective well-being and contentment. Factors like genetics, relationships, and purpose contribute.

Stress and Illness

  • Stress: Response to perceived threats or challenges.
  • Stressors range from major events to daily hassles.
  • Prolonged stress weakens the immune system and may contribute to chronic diseases like heart disease, stroke, and cancer.

Social Thinking

  • Fundamental attribution error: Overestimating dispositional influences and underestimating situational influences on others' behavior.
  • Attitudes: Feelings influenced by beliefs that predispose responses to objects, people, and events.

Persuasion

  • Persuasion: Efforts to change attitudes or behaviors.
  • Persuasion can occur via central (logical) or peripheral (emotional) routes.

Social Influence

  • Conformity: Adjusting behavior or thinking to align with a group norm.
  • Obedience: Complying with direct commands, often from authority figures.

Group Behavior

  • Groups can profoundly influence individual behavior.

Antisocial Relations

  • Prejudice: Unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group.
  • Aggression: Behavior intended to physically or emotionally harm others.

Prosocial Relations

  • Prosocial behaviors: Actions benefitting others or society. Examples include altruism, helping, and cooperation.

Attraction

  • Interpersonal Attraction: Positive feelings toward another person.
  • Factors include proximity, attractiveness, similarity.

Altruism

  • Altruism: Unselfish concern for the welfare of others. Motives are debated, with some arguing for a self-interest component.
  • Conflict Resolution: Strategies to resolve conflict.

Personality and Psychodynamic Theories

  • Personality: Characteristic ways of thinking, feeling, and acting.
  • Psychodynamic Theories: Emphasize unconscious motives and conflicts—e.g., id, ego, superego.
  • Humanistic Theories: Focus on personal growth.
  • Trait Theories: Identify and measure personality traits.
  • Social-Cognitive Theories: Emphasize the interaction between traits and social contexts.

Exploring the Self

  • Self-concept: Beliefs about oneself.
  • Self-esteem: Overall sense of self-worth.

The Biopsychosocial Approach to Psychological Disorders

  • Psychological disorders result from a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors.
  • The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) provides criteria for diagnosing mental disorders.

Important Psychological Disorders

  • Anxiety disorders: Excessive and persistent anxiety and fear.
  • Depressive disorders: Marked by persistent sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest.
  • Bipolar and related disorders: Characterized by mood swings ranging from depression to mania.
  • Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders: Severe mental disorders affecting thinking, feeling, and behavior.

Evaluating Psychological Disorders

  • Ethical considerations: Essential to avoid stigmatizing individuals with mental illness, promote understanding, and avoid biases when evaluating disorders.

Understanding Therapy

  • Therapy: Attempts to improve or address mental health issues.
  • Biomedical therapies: Use medication to treat psychological disorders.
  • Psychotherapy: Involves talking therapies aiming to change thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Examples include psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, and behavioral therapies.

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Description

Explore the intricate field of emotion, understanding its physiological, expressive, and cognitive components. Dive into major theories such as James-Lange and Cannon-Bard, and learn about embodied emotion and the role of the autonomic nervous system. This quiz will test your knowledge of emotional processes and critical thinking regarding lie detection.

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