Questions and Answers
According to researchers, there are exactly six basic emotions: fear, anger, sadness, disgust, happiness, and surprise.
False
According to basic/discrete emotions theory, human facial expressions of emotions such as fear, anger, and disgust should look very similar throughout the world.
True
Research shows that newborn infants display clearly distinct facial expressions of fear, anger, and sadness.
False
The core affect and psychological construction theories of emotion emphasize the subjective feeling aspect of emotion more strongly than the physiological or behavioral aspects.
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Research evidence clearly indicates that, among the modern theories of emotion, the basic/discrete theory is correct.
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Research evidence clearly indicates that, among the modern theories of emotion, the core affect/psychological construction theory is correct.
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Research evidence clearly indicates that, among the modern theories of emotion, the component process model is correct.
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How do theorists commonly describe the difference between emotions and drives?
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According to the component process model, there may be cross-culturally 'modal' regions of the multi-dimensional appraisal space that correspond to basic/discrete emotions.
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What points did Schachter and Singer agree and disagree with James' theory on the relationship between emotional feelings and bodily changes?
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What are the four criteria proposed for deciding whether an emotion qualifies as a 'basic' emotion?
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What is the main problem with the study conducted by the researcher studying the effect of mood on decision-making?
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How do theorists commonly describe the difference between emotions and drives?
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On what point did Schachter and Singer agree with William James, and on what point did they disagree?
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What are the four criteria proposed for deciding whether some emotion category qualifies as a 'basic' emotion?
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What is the main problem with the research study measuring the effect of mood on decision-making?
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Why did experimental psychologists ignore emotion as a research topic for much of the 20th century?
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According to the textbook, _____ are usually responses to important events in one's external environment, whereas _____ are motivational states caused by the body's immediate, internal needs.
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Which classic emotion theorists proposed that emotional feelings result from awareness of changes in the body?
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Which classic emotion theorists proposed that emotional feelings are causally independent of bodily and behavioral changes?
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Which classic emotion theorists proposed that physiological arousal determines how strong an emotion feels?
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Which classic emotion theorist first proposed that different 'shades of emotion' might correspond to different profiles of changes in the body?
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Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the results of the classic Schachter and Singer (1962) study of arousal and emotional feelings?
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Which of the modern theories of emotion proposes that different categories of emotions evolved separately to solve specific adaptive problems?
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Which modern theory of emotion most implies the strongest correlation among different aspects of emotion?
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Which of the following theories proposes that the conceptual categories people use to describe their emotions indicate real, naturally occurring categories?
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What do the core affect and psychological construction theories most strongly emphasize?
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Research suggests the subjective experience of emotion is described well in terms of two intersecting dimensions. What are they?
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In James Russell's circumplex model of emotion, core affect is defined by the intersecting dimensions of:
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Which modern theory of emotion argues that categories like fear and anger are learned and culturally defined concepts?
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Which theory of emotion is most strongly linked to the modern core affect and psychological construction theories?
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Which modern theory of emotion suggests emotions emerge from our appraisal of stimuli in terms of dimensions like novelty and pleasantness?
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What is the component process model?
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What does it mean if people get a similar score each time they complete the questionnaire?
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What are hormones?
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What does EEG measure?
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What does fMRI measure?
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What is the extent to which different aspects of emotion are correlated with each other?
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What is psychological construction theory?
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What does Belinda's situation with caffeine and anxiety illustrate?
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Studies suggest that, when people experience unexplained physiological arousal, they tend to report feeling negative affect.
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In Schachter and Singer's study, participants who received epinephrine and were not told what symptoms to expect reported feeling more happy than angry after being exposed to the 'happy' situation.
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Study Notes
Emotion Theories and Concepts
- Emotions vs. Drives: Emotions respond to specific external events; drives are internal motivational states.
- Schachter-Singer Theory: Agree with James that bodily changes influence emotional feelings; differ on the causation of those feelings.
- Basic Emotion Criteria: Requires universality, distinct expressions, identifiable triggers, and distinct physiological responses.
Historical Context of Emotion Research
- Emotion was largely ignored in psychology until the late 20th century, viewed as subjective and unquantifiable.
The Relationship of Emotions and Physiological Changes
- Classic theorists (James and Lange) posited that awareness of bodily changes causes emotional feelings.
- Cannon and Bard theorized that emotional feelings and bodily changes occur simultaneously but are independent.
Modern Theories of Emotion
- Basic/Discrete Emotions Theory: Emotions like sadness and fear evolved to solve adaptive problems.
- Core Affect/Psychological Construction Theory: Emotions are culturally learned concepts, not inherent human distinctions.
Studies on Emotion and Decision-Making
- Decision-making studies must consider subjective moods to avoid bias in measuring effects.
- Emotional state coherence is evaluated by how different aspects of emotion correlate with one another.
Measurement Techniques in Emotion Research
- EEG: Measures brain activity with high temporal precision but low spatial precision.
- fMRI: Tracks changes in blood oxygen levels, providing insights into emotional states over time.
Emotional Response Consistency
- Reliability in questionnaires is indicated by consistent scores across multiple assessments.
- Validity in emotional intensity measures is indicated by predictive correlations with real-world emotional experiences.
Physiological Responses and Hormones
- Emotions like fear can elevate heart rate; hormones act as chemical messengers influencing bodily functions.
The Role of Context in Emotional Interpretation
- Emotional responses can vary based on situational appraisal, as demonstrated in studies comparing feelings like anxiety and anger.
Core Concepts of Emotional Response
- Emotional coherence reflects the correlation among different emotional indicators, while the component process model emphasizes changing appraisals and physiological responses over time.
Important Definitions
- Emotional Response Coherence: The correlation among different aspects of emotion.
- Psychological Construction Theory: Proposes emotions emerge from cognitive appraisal processes rather than being innate.
Key Studies and Findings
- Schachter-Singer study participants reported differing emotions based on context and expectations after experiencing physiological arousal.
- Experimental methodologies like experience sampling help capture real-time emotional states throughout daily life.
Modern Theory Predictions
- Different theories predict varying levels of emotional response coherence and dimensional appraisals based on cultural influences.
Misconceptions in Emotion Research
- Misunderstandings include the number of basic emotions and the distinctiveness of expressions across cultures; research indicates simplistic views may not hold true.### Schachter and Singer vs. James on Emotions
- Schachter and Singer agreed with James that emotional feelings stem from the perception of bodily arousal.
- They disagreed on the nature of bodily arousal, asserting it is non-specific, unlike James' view of distinct patterns leading to different emotions.
Criteria for Basic Emotions
- Basic emotions should be universal, observable in all humans and potentially in other animals.
- They should have instinctive expressions recognizable across cultures, including facial, vocal, and postural cues.
- Basic emotions must manifest early in life, indicating innate emotional responses.
- Each basic emotion needs a unique profile of physical changes in the body and/or brain distinct from other emotions.
Flaw in Decision-Making Study
- The researcher measured emotions that occur naturally without experimental manipulation, making it impossible to establish a causal link between emotional state and decision-making outcomes.
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Description
Explore the intricate theories surrounding emotions including the distinctions between emotions and drives, and the insights offered by Schachter-Singer and Classical theorists. Understand the evolution of emotion in psychological research and the physiological impacts of emotions. This quiz delves into both historical and modern perspectives on emotion.
