Podcast
Questions and Answers
The James-Lange Theory suggests that physiological responses to stimuli occur after emotional experiences.
The James-Lange Theory suggests that physiological responses to stimuli occur after emotional experiences.
False
According to the Cannon-Bard Theory, the thalamus is not involved in triggering emotions and bodily reactions.
According to the Cannon-Bard Theory, the thalamus is not involved in triggering emotions and bodily reactions.
False
The Two-Factor Theory emphasizes the role of physiological arousal coupled with cognitive interpretation in emotional experiences.
The Two-Factor Theory emphasizes the role of physiological arousal coupled with cognitive interpretation in emotional experiences.
True
Emotionally triggering stimuli are the only contributing factor in the emotional experience according to affective neuroscience.
Emotionally triggering stimuli are the only contributing factor in the emotional experience according to affective neuroscience.
Signup and view all the answers
An encounter with a snake would lead to physiological responses and feelings of fear occurring at different times according to the Cannon-Bard Theory.
An encounter with a snake would lead to physiological responses and feelings of fear occurring at different times according to the Cannon-Bard Theory.
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of emotion, irrational experiences are seen as involuntary processes guiding rational decision-making.
In the context of emotion, irrational experiences are seen as involuntary processes guiding rational decision-making.
Signup and view all the answers
The automatic bodily arousal from an emotional stimulus is immediately followed by the experience of the emotion itself.
The automatic bodily arousal from an emotional stimulus is immediately followed by the experience of the emotion itself.
Signup and view all the answers
Participants who were informed about the side effects of the injection interpreted their feelings as happiness when placed with an angry confederate.
Participants who were informed about the side effects of the injection interpreted their feelings as happiness when placed with an angry confederate.
Signup and view all the answers
James Papez proposed that only the amygdala is responsible for emotional control in the limbic system.
James Papez proposed that only the amygdala is responsible for emotional control in the limbic system.
Signup and view all the answers
The limbic system, as described by Paul Maclean, is primarily associated with rational cognitive processes.
The limbic system, as described by Paul Maclean, is primarily associated with rational cognitive processes.
Signup and view all the answers
Hydrophobia, a symptom of rabies, is related to emotional dysregulation due to impaired limbic system activity.
Hydrophobia, a symptom of rabies, is related to emotional dysregulation due to impaired limbic system activity.
Signup and view all the answers
In Russell's model of emotions, positivity and negativity are classified on the balance axis, while arousal is classified on a separate axis.
In Russell's model of emotions, positivity and negativity are classified on the balance axis, while arousal is classified on a separate axis.
Signup and view all the answers
The periaqueductal gray (PAG) is entirely responsible for producing positive emotional experiences.
The periaqueductal gray (PAG) is entirely responsible for producing positive emotional experiences.
Signup and view all the answers
The descending connectivity modulates sensory input from the body.
The descending connectivity modulates sensory input from the body.
Signup and view all the answers
The PAG receives information solely about the body's external environment.
The PAG receives information solely about the body's external environment.
Signup and view all the answers
Emotions do not have any influence on muscle excitability during experiences of fear.
Emotions do not have any influence on muscle excitability during experiences of fear.
Signup and view all the answers
The lateral and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus are not involved in activating the seeking system.
The lateral and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus are not involved in activating the seeking system.
Signup and view all the answers
The seeking system's main role is to regulate the emotional responses of an individual.
The seeking system's main role is to regulate the emotional responses of an individual.
Signup and view all the answers
Lesions that remove the 'brakes' in the hunger system can lead to decreased interest in food.
Lesions that remove the 'brakes' in the hunger system can lead to decreased interest in food.
Signup and view all the answers
Children are instinctively aware of what satisfies their needs from the moment they are born.
Children are instinctively aware of what satisfies their needs from the moment they are born.
Signup and view all the answers
The SEEKING system operates independently of memory systems.
The SEEKING system operates independently of memory systems.
Signup and view all the answers
Primitive actions like approach and avoidance are linked to emotional responses such as pleasure and unpleasure.
Primitive actions like approach and avoidance are linked to emotional responses such as pleasure and unpleasure.
Signup and view all the answers
The RAGE system is primarily activated by states of joy and satisfaction.
The RAGE system is primarily activated by states of joy and satisfaction.
Signup and view all the answers
The amygdala is involved in triggering the fear-anxiety response but not the rage system.
The amygdala is involved in triggering the fear-anxiety response but not the rage system.
Signup and view all the answers
Cold aggression is more related to anger and defensive behavior compared to hot aggression.
Cold aggression is more related to anger and defensive behavior compared to hot aggression.
Signup and view all the answers
The fear-anxiety system activates the 'flight' response as a means to avoid confrontational situations.
The fear-anxiety system activates the 'flight' response as a means to avoid confrontational situations.
Signup and view all the answers
The interaction between the rage and fear systems depends solely on instinct and is not influenced by cognitive assessment.
The interaction between the rage and fear systems depends solely on instinct and is not influenced by cognitive assessment.
Signup and view all the answers
The activation of the RAGE system results in increased heart rate and preparation for violent actions.
The activation of the RAGE system results in increased heart rate and preparation for violent actions.
Signup and view all the answers
Effective immobility is a strategy employed when a predator is near.
Effective immobility is a strategy employed when a predator is near.
Signup and view all the answers
The neural pathway responsible for anger-rage system activation does not involve the hypothalamus.
The neural pathway responsible for anger-rage system activation does not involve the hypothalamus.
Signup and view all the answers
The seeking system is primarily associated with the gratification of appetites while the lust system is related to the exploration of the environment.
The seeking system is primarily associated with the gratification of appetites while the lust system is related to the exploration of the environment.
Signup and view all the answers
The pleasure system is located entirely in the hypothalamus and does not involve any other brain structures.
The pleasure system is located entirely in the hypothalamus and does not involve any other brain structures.
Signup and view all the answers
Self-stimulation experiments indicated that animals would prioritize this behavior over essential activities such as eating and drinking.
Self-stimulation experiments indicated that animals would prioritize this behavior over essential activities such as eating and drinking.
Signup and view all the answers
The activation of the seeking and lust systems can occur simultaneously without influencing one another.
The activation of the seeking and lust systems can occur simultaneously without influencing one another.
Signup and view all the answers
Recreational drug use primarily stimulates the seeking system through substances like heroin and opiates.
Recreational drug use primarily stimulates the seeking system through substances like heroin and opiates.
Signup and view all the answers
James Olds' experiments primarily discovered the existence of pleasure centers due to their role in memory formation.
James Olds' experiments primarily discovered the existence of pleasure centers due to their role in memory formation.
Signup and view all the answers
The periaqueductal gray area (PAG) is where pleasurable sensations are generated or perceived.
The periaqueductal gray area (PAG) is where pleasurable sensations are generated or perceived.
Signup and view all the answers
Pseudoappetitive behaviors are characterized by the true seeking of biologically necessary objects.
Pseudoappetitive behaviors are characterized by the true seeking of biologically necessary objects.
Signup and view all the answers
Endorphin is the command neuromodulator that plays a vital role in mediating both pleasure and pain.
Endorphin is the command neuromodulator that plays a vital role in mediating both pleasure and pain.
Signup and view all the answers
The lust system is typically inhibited when the seeking system is activated, leading to a need to consume something.
The lust system is typically inhibited when the seeking system is activated, leading to a need to consume something.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Affective Neuroscience: The Limbic System
- Emotional Experience Aspects: Emotional triggers and automatic bodily responses are key components of emotional experience. Stimuli in the environment also influence emotions. Irrational responses are involuntary and guide decisions.
James-Lange Theory
- Physiological Basis: Emotions are a result of physiological responses to stimuli. The body reacts first, followed by the emotional experience.
- Example: Encountering a snake triggers increased heart rate and trembling, which leads to the emotion of fear. This response is immediate.
Cannon-Bard Theory
- Simultaneous Experience: Emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously. The thalamus is the central emotion processing center.
- Example: Seeing a snake triggers both fear and physiological responses like increased heart rate simultaneously.
Two-Factor Theory
- Interplay of Physiology and Cognition: Emotions are a product of physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal of the situation.
- Example: Fear response to a snake depends on whether it's perceived as a threat. Thoughts can modulate the emotional response
- Experiment Details: Participants injected with epinephrine (physiological arousal) and placed in a room with either a euphoric or angry confederate. Those with an euphoric confederate viewed their feelings as happiness. Demonstration of how interpretation affects emotion
Neural Basis of Emotional Experience
- Papez Circuit: A model of the limbic system's role in emotional experience, especially the hippocampus' impact on expressing emotions.
- Limbic System (MacLean): A more comprehensive model emphasizing the amygdala's crucial role in emotional processing and influencing both emotional and physiological responses. The amygdala is crucial for negative emotions like fear, anxiety, and depression. This is significant to the fields of psychology, psychiatry, and neurology.
- Rabies Infection Symptoms: Impairment of specific limbic system nuclei and the amygdala results in emotional dysregulation (e.g., hydrophobia).
What is an Emotion?
- Russell's Model: Emotions are classified on two axes: positivity/negativity (balance) and arousal. Emotions can be positive, negative, or neutral, and vary in arousal levels.
The Periaqueductal Gray (PAG)
- Emotional Processing Center: Located in the brainstem, the PAG is a vital nuclei for understanding and experiencing emotion, with vertical organization.
- Two Divisions: Dorsal PAG for unpleasure (pain, sadness) and ventral PAG for positive experiences.
- Connectivity: Ascending (maps bodily experience) and descending (modulates experience) pathways connect the PAG and neocortex. Emotions are continuous and modulated.
Brain Regions and Bodily Maps
- Tegmentum Representations: Contains topographic body maps in the upper brainstem, receiving visceral and somatosensory input. These structures continuously monitor bodily states. Includes action tendencies.
- Emotional Motor Expression: Emotions involve both perception and motor expression. For instance, fear activates muscles involved in running.
Basic Emotions - Evolutionary Perspective
- Survival-Related: Emotions relate to survival needs across four basic systems (seeking, rage, fear, panic)
Seeking System
- Hypothalamic Need-Detectors: The system is driven by need-detectors in the hypothalamus (lateral and ventromedial nuclei) continuously monitoring bodily needs (hunger, thirst, etc.).
- Motivational Function: Activates exploration and seeking behaviors to meet those needs and increases salience related to a need.
Accelerators and Brakes
- Hypothalamic Regulation: Different hypothalamic regions act as accelerators and brakes, regulating the intensity of seeking behaviors.
- Lesion Examples: Lesions can cause excessive or loss of motivation in response to a need.
Lust System (Pleasure/Reward)
- Complex Network: A complex network of structures originating from the hypothalamus and located primarily in the basal forebrain (BNST, CMA, POA, PAG, VMH).
- Perceptual/Motor Aspects: Generates feelings of pleasure; Switches off appetitive behaviors in favor of consummatory behaviors. Involves an inverse relationship with the seeking system.
Discovery of Lust Centers (Olds & Milner)
- Self-Stimulation Experiments: Demonstrated the existence of reward/pleasure centers in the brain. Animals engaged in self-stimulation.
- Addiction Relevance: Links to addiction behavior, as drugs can hijack the reward system.
Rage System
- Frustration Activation: Activated by frustration and goal-oriented behaviors being hampered. The amygdala (medial nucleus) plays a crucial trigger for the response. PAG is activated.
- Fight Response: Produces stereotyped motor programs associated with the “fight” response; involves specific body changes to prepare for confrontation.
- Hot vs. Cold Aggression: "Hot" aggression is driven by feelings of anger or rage, whereas "cold" aggression may not be.
Fear-Anxiety System
- Flight Response: Activated by danger, producing feelings of fear and anxiety and activating the “flight” response to avoid confrontation
- Fast Response(amygdala): The amygdala responds faster to potential threats before the threat has been fully processed
- Immobility or Flight Decisions: Depends on the perceived threat level. (freezing or fleeing)
- Neural Circuit: Involves activation of amygdala's lateral-central and medial regions which project to the dorsal PAG.
Fear Conditioning
- Learning and Association: Fear responses can be learned through associations with neutral stimuli. (LeDoux)
Fearlessness: Amygdala Lesions
- Clinical Observation: Patients with amygdala lesions lack fear and anger. Display trust, friendliness, and atypical behaviors. (e.g., hypersexuality, hyperorality, visual agnosia)
Panic System (Separation-Distress)
- Separation and Loss: Response to separation, loss, or threats to security
- Activation Significance: Aims to attract care and enhance well-being.
- Neurochemistry: Involvement of endogenous opioids (and oxytocin, prolactin)
Care System (Love and Affection)
- Mother-Infant Attachment: Plays a crucial role in mother-infant bonding (oxytocin and prolactin).
- Evolutionary Significance: Enhances offspring survival. Mother's response to panic from a child correlates with activation of similar systems.
Clinical Implications
- Autism and Anxiety/Depression: Potential links between atypical levels of care hormones and specific conditions. Specific situations that activate the systems involved for these conditions.
- Medication development and therapies: Potential use of related hormones in medication and therapies
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Explore the key theories of emotion including the James-Lange Theory, Cannon-Bard Theory, and Two-Factor Theory in this insightful quiz. Delve into how physiological responses and cognition play crucial roles in shaping emotional experiences and responses. Test your understanding of the limbic system and its impact on our emotions.
