P1- Emotional system
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Questions and Answers

The James-Lange Theory suggests that physiological responses to stimuli occur after emotional experiences.

False (B)

According to the Cannon-Bard Theory, the thalamus is not involved in triggering emotions and bodily reactions.

False (B)

The Two-Factor Theory emphasizes the role of physiological arousal coupled with cognitive interpretation in emotional experiences.

True (A)

Emotionally triggering stimuli are the only contributing factor in the emotional experience according to affective neuroscience.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An encounter with a snake would lead to physiological responses and feelings of fear occurring at different times according to the Cannon-Bard Theory.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of emotion, irrational experiences are seen as involuntary processes guiding rational decision-making.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The automatic bodily arousal from an emotional stimulus is immediately followed by the experience of the emotion itself.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Participants who were informed about the side effects of the injection interpreted their feelings as happiness when placed with an angry confederate.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

James Papez proposed that only the amygdala is responsible for emotional control in the limbic system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The limbic system, as described by Paul Maclean, is primarily associated with rational cognitive processes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hydrophobia, a symptom of rabies, is related to emotional dysregulation due to impaired limbic system activity.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Russell's model of emotions, positivity and negativity are classified on the balance axis, while arousal is classified on a separate axis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The periaqueductal gray (PAG) is entirely responsible for producing positive emotional experiences.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The descending connectivity modulates sensory input from the body.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The PAG receives information solely about the body's external environment.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Emotions do not have any influence on muscle excitability during experiences of fear.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lateral and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus are not involved in activating the seeking system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The seeking system's main role is to regulate the emotional responses of an individual.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lesions that remove the 'brakes' in the hunger system can lead to decreased interest in food.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children are instinctively aware of what satisfies their needs from the moment they are born.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The SEEKING system operates independently of memory systems.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Primitive actions like approach and avoidance are linked to emotional responses such as pleasure and unpleasure.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The RAGE system is primarily activated by states of joy and satisfaction.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The amygdala is involved in triggering the fear-anxiety response but not the rage system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cold aggression is more related to anger and defensive behavior compared to hot aggression.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The fear-anxiety system activates the 'flight' response as a means to avoid confrontational situations.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The interaction between the rage and fear systems depends solely on instinct and is not influenced by cognitive assessment.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The activation of the RAGE system results in increased heart rate and preparation for violent actions.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Effective immobility is a strategy employed when a predator is near.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The neural pathway responsible for anger-rage system activation does not involve the hypothalamus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The seeking system is primarily associated with the gratification of appetites while the lust system is related to the exploration of the environment.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pleasure system is located entirely in the hypothalamus and does not involve any other brain structures.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Self-stimulation experiments indicated that animals would prioritize this behavior over essential activities such as eating and drinking.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The activation of the seeking and lust systems can occur simultaneously without influencing one another.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Recreational drug use primarily stimulates the seeking system through substances like heroin and opiates.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

James Olds' experiments primarily discovered the existence of pleasure centers due to their role in memory formation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The periaqueductal gray area (PAG) is where pleasurable sensations are generated or perceived.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pseudoappetitive behaviors are characterized by the true seeking of biologically necessary objects.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Endorphin is the command neuromodulator that plays a vital role in mediating both pleasure and pain.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lust system is typically inhibited when the seeking system is activated, leading to a need to consume something.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

James-Lange Theory

The James-Lange Theory suggests that emotions are a result of physiological responses to stimuli. Our bodies react first, and emotions follow.

Cannon-Bard Theory

The Cannon-Bard Theory posits that emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously. The thalamus is the key player, triggering both emotional experiences and bodily reactions.

Two-Factor Theory

The Two-Factor Theory highlights the interplay of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation in emotional experiences. Our emotions are influenced by our interpretation of the situation.

Emotional Trigger

A stimulus that triggers an involuntary and automatic response. This response often influences our decision-making.

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Body Response

The physical reactions that occur in response to emotions, such as increased heart rate or trembling. Often involuntary and immediate.

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Cognitive Appraisal

The process of evaluating a situation and interpreting its meaning, which influences our emotional experience. How you think about an event influences your emotion.

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Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

The theory that emotions are a two-step process, first experiencing an automatic physiological arousal followed by a cognitive assessment of the situation, which then leads to the feeling of the emotion.

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Amygdala

A brain structure that plays a critical role in processing emotions, especially negative emotions like fear, anxiety, and depression.

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Limbic System

The interconnected group of brain structures responsible for processing emotions, memory, and behavior.

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Rabies

A neurological condition caused by infection which affects the brain's ability to regulate emotions.

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Periaqueductal Gray (PAG)

A part of the brainstem, responsible for processing pleasure and unpleasure, ultimately impacting emotional experiences.

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Russell's Circumplex Model of Emotion

A model that classifies emotions along two axes: balance (positive, negative, or neutral) and arousal (high or low).

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What is the SEEKING system?

The SEEKING system is a network of need-detectors in the hypothalamus that monitors the body's internal environment to maintain homeostasis.

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What is the SEEKING system's function?

The SEEKING system is responsible for generating motivation and excitement. It drives organisms to seek out stimuli and objects to satisfy needs.

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How is SEEKING system activity regulated?

The SEEKING system operates through "accelerators" and "brakes" within the hypothalamus. These regions regulate the intensity of seeking behaviors based on physiological needs.

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What triggers the SEEKING system?

The SEEKING system is activated by internal needs like hunger, thirst, and sex drive. It increases the salience of objects that can satisfy these needs.

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How does the SEEKING system learn?

The SEEKING system interacts with memory systems to learn which objects can effectively satisfy specific needs. This allows organisms to develop preferences based on past experiences.

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What is the LUST system?

The LUST system is part of the SEEKING system, responsible for associating specific objects with the satisfaction of internal needs.

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Is the SEEKING system innate or learned?

The SEEKING system is not fully pre-programmed. It allows organisms to learn what satisfies their needs through experience.

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How does memory influence the SEEKING system?

The SEEKING system interacts with memory systems. This allows organisms to recall past experiences and identify objects that can satisfy their needs.

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What emotions are related to the SEEKING system?

The SEEKING system is a key component of emotions like excitement and enthusiasm. It drives organisms to explore and seek out stimuli.

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Seeking System

The seeking system drives you to search for something, while you're unsure about what it is. This system helps you learn to associate specific objects with satisfying your needs.

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Lust System

The lust system is associated with pleasure and reward. It's triggered by fulfilling the needs identified by the seeking system. It leads to consummatory behavior like eating or sex.

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Perceptual and Motor Aspects of Lust

In the Lust System, the feeling of pleasure is triggered by sensory input. This system governs the switch from wanting to having, moving you from seeking to consuming.

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Anatomical Basis of Pleasure System

A complex network of brain structures, originating in the hypothalamus and mainly located in the basal forebrain, is responsible for processing pleasure.

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Seeking and Lust System Relationship

The seeking and lust systems act in an inverse relationship. As the seeking system intensifies, the lust system tends to decrease, and vice versa.

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Learning and Pleasure Centers

The process of discovering and learning to associate objects with pleasure is a fundamental learning process.

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Self-Stimulation Experiments

During self-stimulation experiments, animals would repeatedly stimulate specific reward centers in their brains, often neglecting other essential needs like eating and drinking.

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Dysregulation of Lust System

When the pleasure system is dysregulated or not activated properly, it can lead to feelings of depression.

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Drug Addiction and the Lust System

Drug addiction hijacks the pleasure system, providing artificial pleasure without requiring the actual fulfillment of a real need.

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Human Pleasure System Stimulation

Stimulating pleasure centers in humans can produce orgasmic sensations.

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RAGE System

The neural system responsible for initiating the "fight" response, primarily activated by frustration and hindered goal-directed actions. It involves the amygdala, periaqueductal gray (PAG), and specific regions within the hypothalamus.

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Amygdala and Rage

The central nucleus of the amygdala plays a key role in triggering the anger-rage response, which is associated with negative emotional experiences.

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PAG and Rage

The periaqueductal gray (PAG) is a brain region crucial for processing emotional responses, including anger-rage. It receives signals from the amygdala and hypothalamus, leading to the activation of fight responses.

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Rage Pathway

The neural pathway involved in activating the rage system, starting at the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and traveling through specific regions of the hypothalamus before reaching the dorsal PAG.

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Rage System External Manifestations

The external manifestation of the rage system, characterized by aggressive body language, facial expressions, and vocalizations. This includes baring teeth, growling, and adopting a stable, wide-based posture.

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Internal Changes in Rage

The internal changes that occur when the rage system is activated, involving increased heart rate, redirection of blood flow towards skeletal muscles, and a suppression of digestive activity, preparing the organism for confrontational situations.

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Hot Aggression

A form of aggression that is pre-programmed and automatic, driven by the rage system and directly linked to feelings of anger and frustration. It often occurs in response to threats or blocked goals.

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Cold Aggression

A type of aggression that is more planned, focused on seeking pleasure or rewards, and less tied to anger or frustration. It is often seen in predatory behaviors.

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Study Notes

Affective Neuroscience: The Limbic System

  • Emotional Experience Aspects: Emotional triggers and automatic bodily responses are key components of emotional experience. Stimuli in the environment also influence emotions. Irrational responses are involuntary and guide decisions.

James-Lange Theory

  • Physiological Basis: Emotions are a result of physiological responses to stimuli. The body reacts first, followed by the emotional experience.
  • Example: Encountering a snake triggers increased heart rate and trembling, which leads to the emotion of fear. This response is immediate.

Cannon-Bard Theory

  • Simultaneous Experience: Emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously. The thalamus is the central emotion processing center.
  • Example: Seeing a snake triggers both fear and physiological responses like increased heart rate simultaneously.

Two-Factor Theory

  • Interplay of Physiology and Cognition: Emotions are a product of physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal of the situation.
  • Example: Fear response to a snake depends on whether it's perceived as a threat. Thoughts can modulate the emotional response
  • Experiment Details: Participants injected with epinephrine (physiological arousal) and placed in a room with either a euphoric or angry confederate. Those with an euphoric confederate viewed their feelings as happiness. Demonstration of how interpretation affects emotion

Neural Basis of Emotional Experience

  • Papez Circuit: A model of the limbic system's role in emotional experience, especially the hippocampus' impact on expressing emotions.
  • Limbic System (MacLean): A more comprehensive model emphasizing the amygdala's crucial role in emotional processing and influencing both emotional and physiological responses. The amygdala is crucial for negative emotions like fear, anxiety, and depression. This is significant to the fields of psychology, psychiatry, and neurology.
  • Rabies Infection Symptoms: Impairment of specific limbic system nuclei and the amygdala results in emotional dysregulation (e.g., hydrophobia).

What is an Emotion?

  • Russell's Model: Emotions are classified on two axes: positivity/negativity (balance) and arousal. Emotions can be positive, negative, or neutral, and vary in arousal levels.

The Periaqueductal Gray (PAG)

  • Emotional Processing Center: Located in the brainstem, the PAG is a vital nuclei for understanding and experiencing emotion, with vertical organization.
  • Two Divisions: Dorsal PAG for unpleasure (pain, sadness) and ventral PAG for positive experiences.
  • Connectivity: Ascending (maps bodily experience) and descending (modulates experience) pathways connect the PAG and neocortex. Emotions are continuous and modulated.

Brain Regions and Bodily Maps

  • Tegmentum Representations: Contains topographic body maps in the upper brainstem, receiving visceral and somatosensory input. These structures continuously monitor bodily states. Includes action tendencies.
  • Emotional Motor Expression: Emotions involve both perception and motor expression. For instance, fear activates muscles involved in running.

Basic Emotions - Evolutionary Perspective

  • Survival-Related: Emotions relate to survival needs across four basic systems (seeking, rage, fear, panic)

Seeking System

  • Hypothalamic Need-Detectors: The system is driven by need-detectors in the hypothalamus (lateral and ventromedial nuclei) continuously monitoring bodily needs (hunger, thirst, etc.).
  • Motivational Function: Activates exploration and seeking behaviors to meet those needs and increases salience related to a need.

Accelerators and Brakes

  • Hypothalamic Regulation: Different hypothalamic regions act as accelerators and brakes, regulating the intensity of seeking behaviors.
  • Lesion Examples: Lesions can cause excessive or loss of motivation in response to a need.

Lust System (Pleasure/Reward)

  • Complex Network: A complex network of structures originating from the hypothalamus and located primarily in the basal forebrain (BNST, CMA, POA, PAG, VMH).
  • Perceptual/Motor Aspects: Generates feelings of pleasure; Switches off appetitive behaviors in favor of consummatory behaviors. Involves an inverse relationship with the seeking system.

Discovery of Lust Centers (Olds & Milner)

  • Self-Stimulation Experiments: Demonstrated the existence of reward/pleasure centers in the brain. Animals engaged in self-stimulation.
  • Addiction Relevance: Links to addiction behavior, as drugs can hijack the reward system.

Rage System

  • Frustration Activation: Activated by frustration and goal-oriented behaviors being hampered. The amygdala (medial nucleus) plays a crucial trigger for the response. PAG is activated.
  • Fight Response: Produces stereotyped motor programs associated with the “fight” response; involves specific body changes to prepare for confrontation.
  • Hot vs. Cold Aggression: "Hot" aggression is driven by feelings of anger or rage, whereas "cold" aggression may not be.

Fear-Anxiety System

  • Flight Response: Activated by danger, producing feelings of fear and anxiety and activating the “flight” response to avoid confrontation
  • Fast Response(amygdala): The amygdala responds faster to potential threats before the threat has been fully processed
  • Immobility or Flight Decisions: Depends on the perceived threat level. (freezing or fleeing)
  • Neural Circuit: Involves activation of amygdala's lateral-central and medial regions which project to the dorsal PAG.

Fear Conditioning

  • Learning and Association: Fear responses can be learned through associations with neutral stimuli. (LeDoux)

Fearlessness: Amygdala Lesions

  • Clinical Observation: Patients with amygdala lesions lack fear and anger. Display trust, friendliness, and atypical behaviors. (e.g., hypersexuality, hyperorality, visual agnosia)

Panic System (Separation-Distress)

  • Separation and Loss: Response to separation, loss, or threats to security
  • Activation Significance: Aims to attract care and enhance well-being.
  • Neurochemistry: Involvement of endogenous opioids (and oxytocin, prolactin)

Care System (Love and Affection)

  • Mother-Infant Attachment: Plays a crucial role in mother-infant bonding (oxytocin and prolactin).
  • Evolutionary Significance: Enhances offspring survival. Mother's response to panic from a child correlates with activation of similar systems.

Clinical Implications

  • Autism and Anxiety/Depression: Potential links between atypical levels of care hormones and specific conditions. Specific situations that activate the systems involved for these conditions.
  • Medication development and therapies: Potential use of related hormones in medication and therapies

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Explore the key theories of emotion including the James-Lange Theory, Cannon-Bard Theory, and Two-Factor Theory in this insightful quiz. Delve into how physiological responses and cognition play crucial roles in shaping emotional experiences and responses. Test your understanding of the limbic system and its impact on our emotions.

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