Gr 12 Life Sciences June Exam P2 (Medium)
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Questions and Answers

Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

  • Ribosomes
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
  • Nucleus (correct)

What are chromosomes composed of?

  • Carbohydrates and enzymes
  • RNA and lipids
  • DNA and proteins called histones (correct)
  • Amino acids and vitamins

What type of DNA is inherited maternally and plays a role in energy production?

  • Chloroplast DNA
  • Nuclear DNA
  • Mitochondrial DNA (correct)
  • Ribosomal DNA

Which type of DNA is essential for photosynthesis in plants?

<p>Chloroplast DNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of DNA?

<p>Storing and transmitting genetic information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during DNA replication?

<p>Helicase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is essential for synthesizing a short RNA primer required for DNA polymerases to start the synthesis of a new DNA strand?

<p>Primase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In DNA replication, which direction do DNA polymerase enzymes add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand?

<p>5' to 3' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ligase enzymes during DNA replication?

<p>Join Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is interpreting DNA profiles considered challenging?

<p>Non-unique DNA regions among unrelated individuals might lead to misinterpretation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scientists proposed the double helix model of DNA in 1953?

<p>James Watson and Francis Crick (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components make up a nucleotide in DNA?

<p>Phosphate group, deoxyribose, and nitrogenous base (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of DNA?

<p>To store and transmit genetic information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs of nitrogenous bases are correctly matched according to the rules of base pairing in DNA?

<p>Adenine pairs with Thymine, Cytosine pairs with Guanine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

<p>S phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is messenger RNA (mRNA) formed?

<p>In the nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nitrogenous bases is unique to RNA and not found in DNA?

<p>Uracil (U) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?

<p>Facilitating assembly of amino acids into proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is transfer RNA (tRNA) found in the cell?

<p>In the cytoplasm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of mRNA in protein synthesis?

<p>Carrying the genetic code from DNA to cytoplasm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the process of transcription?

<p>It involves the unwinding of a specific section of the DNA double helix and the formation of a complementary mRNA molecule. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) during translation?

<p>It carries specific amino acids and binds to the mRNA using its anticodon. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of meiosis?

<p>To produce gametes with half the number of chromosomes for sexual reproduction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of meiosis I does crossing over occur?

<p>Prophase I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the random arrangement of homologous chromosomes during Metaphase I of meiosis?

<p>It leads to genetic variation in the resulting gametes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between the daughter cells produced in mitosis and meiosis?

<p>Daughter cells in mitosis are genetically identical to each other, while daughter cells in meiosis are genetically different. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the chromosome number during meiosis?

<p>The chromosome number is halved. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is responsible for genetic diversity among produced gametes?

<p>Crossing over (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which phase does homologous chromosomes pair up in meiosis I?

<p>Prophase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many rounds of cell division occur in meiosis?

<p>Two (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of Telophase in meiosis I?

<p>Two haploid daughter cells that are genetically varied (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Meiosis II in producing genetically varied offspring?

<p>To produce haploid but genetically varied cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Both karyokinesis and cytokinesis occur twice' describes which process?

<p>'Mitosis' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Occurs in sex organs for the production of gametes' describes which process?

<p>'Meiosis' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Results in the formation of four daughter cells' is a characteristic of which process?

<p>'Meiosis' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of meiosis?

<p>To produce gametes with half the number of chromosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which meiosis introduces genetic variation?

<p>Crossing over and random assortment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of non-disjunction during meiosis?

<p>It leads to the formation of gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major difference between mitosis and meiosis?

<p>Meiosis results in the formation of haploid cells, while mitosis produces diploid cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic condition is associated with non-disjunction of chromosome pair 21 during meiosis?

<p>Down syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of DNA replication?

<p>Ensuring the continuity of genetic information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the cell cycle is crucial for DNA replication to occur?

<p>S phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What holds the two strands of DNA together in the double helix structure?

<p>Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of DNA replication occurring in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells?

<p>It provides a controlled environment for accurate copying of DNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme plays a key role in unwinding the DNA double helix during DNA replication?

<p>Helicase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of primase in DNA replication?

<p>Synthesizes a short RNA primer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During DNA replication, what is the function of helicases?

<p>Facilitate unwinding of the DNA double helix (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of ligase enzymes in DNA replication?

<p>Join Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do DNA polymerase enzymes add nucleotides during DNA replication?

<p>In a 5' to 3' direction on the lagging strand (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of DNA polymerases in DNA replication?

<p>Synthesizing new strands of DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of DNA in eukaryotic cells?

<p>To store and transmit genetic information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the location of DNA is correct?

<p>DNA is found in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)?

<p>To play a role in energy production within the cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are chromosomes composed of?

<p>DNA and proteins called histones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chloroplast DNA in plants?

<p>To enable plants to convert light energy into chemical energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of crossing over during Prophase I of meiosis?

<p>To ensure an equal distribution of genetic material to daughter cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In translation, what is the role of tRNA?

<p>Pairing with mRNA codons and bringing specific amino acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the random arrangement of homologous chromosomes during Metaphase I of meiosis?

<p>It promotes genetic variation among gametes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule serves as a template during the formation of mRNA in transcription?

<p>Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens at the termination stage of translation during protein synthesis?

<p>A stop codon is reached, signaling the end of protein synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary ethical concern associated with the use of DNA profiling?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the different types of RNA?

<p>tRNA participates in the unwinding of the DNA double helix (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of ribosomes during protein synthesis?

<p>Providing the site for the assembly of amino acids into proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is correct about the structure of RNA?

<p>RNA is a polymer made up of nucleotides containing ribose sugar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

<p>Serving as the template that specifies the order of amino acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of the resulting daughter cells?

<p>In mitosis, daughter cells are genetically identical, while in meiosis, they are genetically different from each other and the parent cell. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of meiosis I do homologous chromosomes pair up?

<p>Prophase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of meiosis in the life cycle of organisms?

<p>Production of gametes and genetic diversity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the outcome of Telophase in meiosis I?

<p>Two genetically different haploid daughter cells are formed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which meiosis introduces genetic variation in the resulting gametes?

<p>Both crossing over and random assortment of chromosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of meiosis is responsible for halving the chromosome number in the resulting daughter cells?

<p>Meiosis I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mitosis in the life cycle of organisms?

<p>Growth and maintenance of somatic cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the chromosome behavior during Anaphase of meiosis I?

<p>Whole chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between the Metaphase stages of mitosis and meiosis I?

<p>In mitosis, individual chromosomes line up, while in meiosis I, homologous chromosome pairs line up. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the second division (Meiosis II) in the meiotic process?

<p>It ensures that the resulting daughter cells are haploid. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of non-disjunction during meiosis?

<p>Formation of gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic condition is specifically associated with non-disjunction of chromosome pair 21 during meiosis?

<p>Down Syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary significance of crossing over during Prophase I of meiosis?

<p>Introducing genetic variation in the resulting gametes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs during Telophase II of meiosis?

<p>Nuclear envelopes reform around chromosomes at each pole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which meiosis maintains the correct chromosome number across generations?

<p>Reduction of chromosome number from diploid to haploid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of histones in relation to DNA within eukaryotic cells?

<p>To organize and compact DNA into chromosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the inheritance pattern of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)?

<p>It is exclusively inherited from the mother. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chloroplast DNA in plants?

<p>To regulate the process of photosynthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the structure of DNA?

<p>It is a double-stranded helix composed of nucleotides. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of DNA in eukaryotic cells?

<p>To store and transmit genetic information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the location of DNA within eukaryotic cells?

<p>DNA is found in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of meiosis involves the alignment of chromosomes at the equator of the cell?

<p>Metaphase II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of non-disjunction during meiosis?

<p>Production of gametes with abnormal chromosome numbers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does crossing over play during meiosis?

<p>Introduces genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process ensures that offspring have the correct diploid number of chromosomes?

<p>Meiosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of reducing chromosome number during meiosis?

<p>Balances the doubling of chromosomes during fertilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In humans, what is the consequence of non-disjunction involving chromosome pair 21 during meiosis?

<p>Development of Down Syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes genetic diversity among produced gametes during meiosis?

<p>Crossing over and random assortment of chromosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of meiosis do centromeres divide, and sister chromatids are pulled towards opposite poles?

<p>Anaphase II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of maintaining a constant chromosome number through meiosis?

<p>Balances chromosomal count through generations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of meiosis ensures that each gamete produced contains a unique combination of genes?

<p>Prophase I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step in DNA replication involves the synthesis of a short RNA molecule to initiate the new DNA strand?

<p>Primer Binding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction in which DNA polymerase enzymes add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand?

<p>5' to 3' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for joining the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication?

<p>Ligase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary significance of DNA replication in organisms?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during the initiation step of DNA replication?

<p>Helicase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of DNA proofreading mechanisms during DNA replication?

<p>Ensuring the fidelity of DNA replication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the interpretation of DNA profiles in DNA fingerprinting?

<p>A match between the majority of bands in the evidence and reference samples suggests they are from the same source (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge in interpreting DNA profiles during DNA fingerprinting?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of DNA replication in the context of biological research?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step in DNA replication involves the meeting of replication forks and the completion of the replication process?

<p>Termination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between mitosis and meiosis during the metaphase stage?

<p>In mitosis, individual chromosomes are arranged on the equator, while in meiosis I, homologous chromosome pairs line up on the equator. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the outcome of telophase differ between mitosis and meiosis I?

<p>In mitosis, telophase results in two identical daughter cells, while in meiosis I, it results in two haploid daughter cells, which are not identical. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between the daughter cells produced by mitosis and meiosis?

<p>Daughter cells from mitosis are genetically identical, while daughter cells from meiosis are genetically different. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of crossing over during meiosis?

<p>To increase genetic variability among the produced gametes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is responsible for halving the chromosome number in the resulting daughter cells?

<p>Meiosis I (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary significance of the second division (Meiosis II) in the meiotic process?

<p>To ensure that the end products are haploid but genetically varied. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of DNA profiling in forensic investigations?

<p>To compare DNA samples from crime scenes with those from suspects or databases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does DNA replication primarily take place in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of RNA is responsible for carrying the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?

<p>Messenger RNA (mRNA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the cell cycle is critical for DNA replication to occur?

<p>S phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

<p>To serve as the site for the assembly of amino acids into proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of DNA polymerases during DNA replication?

<p>Adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is responsible for converting the genetic information encoded in DNA into proteins?

<p>Both transcription and translation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is specifically responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during DNA replication?

<p>Helicase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process ensures the accurate copying of DNA during cell division?

<p>DNA replication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential ethical concern associated with the use of DNA profiling?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of events involved in protein synthesis, according to the central dogma of molecular biology?

<p>Transcription, replication, translation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of RNA is involved in transporting amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?

<p>Transfer RNA (tRNA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nitrogenous base pairs with guanine in DNA?

<p>Adenine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of DNA in living organisms?

<p>To store and transmit genetic information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and not found in DNA?

<p>Uracil (U) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a nucleotide in DNA is unique compared to RNA nucleotides?

<p>Deoxyribose sugar molecule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

<p>To interpret the genetic code carried by mRNA and deliver the appropriate amino acids to the ribosome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of meiosis in the life cycle of organisms?

<p>To produce gametes (sperm and egg cells) with half the chromosome number (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs during the unwinding of the DNA double helix in transcription?

<p>The weak hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases break, allowing the DNA to unzip. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strand of the DNA serves as a template for mRNA synthesis during transcription?

<p>The non-coding strand of the DNA acts as the template. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the complementary base pairing that occurs during mRNA formation in transcription?

<p>Adenine pairs with uracil, cytosine with guanine. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) during translation?

<p>tRNA carries specific amino acids and has an anticodon complementary to the mRNA codons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the initiation stage of translation?

<p>A tRNA's anticodon matches a codon on the mRNA, and the tRNA binds to the mRNA at the ribosome. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of crossing over during Prophase I of meiosis?

<p>It increases genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material between chromatids. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during Anaphase I of meiosis?

<p>Homologous chromosomes, each still composed of two chromatids, are pulled to opposite poles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the random arrangement of homologous chromosomes during Metaphase I of meiosis?

<p>It increases genetic diversity among the gametes produced. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during Telophase I of meiosis?

<p>Nuclear membranes reform around each set of chromosomes at the poles, and the cell splits into two through cytokinesis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of meiosis in the life cycle of organisms?

<p>To produce gametes with half the number of chromosomes for sexual reproduction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of DNA within eukaryotic cells?

<p>To store and transmit genetic information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the structure of chromosomes?

<p>Chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins called histones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)?

<p>To enable energy production within the cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the role of chloroplast DNA in plants?

<p>It is essential for photosynthesis and light energy conversion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of histones in relation to DNA within eukaryotic cells?

<p>To organize and compact DNA within the cell nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the distribution of DNA within eukaryotic cells?

<p>DNA is found in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference in the behavior of chromosomes during Anaphase of mitosis compared to meiosis I?

<p>Chromosomes are pulled to poles as whole chromosomes during Anaphase of mitosis, while in meiosis I, only chromatids are separated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During Telophase I of meiosis, what is the outcome in terms of daughter cells?

<p>Results in two haploid daughter cells that are genetically varied (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between genetic diversity and the process of meiosis?

<p>Genetic diversity is increased through crossing over in meiosis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant difference between the end products of Meiosis II compared to Mitosis?

<p>Meiosis II results in haploid cells with genetic variation, while Mitosis results in diploid cells that are genetically identical. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the second division (Meiosis II) that resembles mitosis for haploid cells?

<p>Separation of sister chromatids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the pairing of homologous chromosomes during Metaphase I of meiosis contribute to genetic diversity?

<p>The pairing allows for crossing over and exchange of genetic material. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during Anaphase II of meiosis?

<p>Spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the reduction of chromosome number important in meiosis?

<p>To balance the chromosome number during fertilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to genetic variation in meiosis?

<p>Random assortment of chromosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of non-disjunction involving chromosome pair 21?

<p>Formation of trisomy 21 in offspring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of meiosis ensures that each gamete produced contains a unique combination of genes?

<p>Metaphase I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of crossing over during meiosis?

<p>Creating new combinations of genes on chromosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can result from abnormal meiosis due to chromosome mutation?

<p>'Doubling' of chromosome number (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When do homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material during meiosis?

<p>' Crossing over' occurs during Prophase I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main outcome of meiosis?

<p>Formation of haploid cells from diploid cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does meiosis contribute to maintaining a constant chromosome number across generations?

<p>By reducing the chromosome number from diploid to haploid. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of helicases in DNA replication?

<p>To unwind the DNA double helix and separate the strands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of DNA polymerases during DNA replication?

<p>To add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which direction do DNA polymerase enzymes add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand?

<p>5' to 3' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ligase enzymes in DNA replication?

<p>To join Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step in DNA replication involves the meeting of replication forks and the completion of the process?

<p>Termination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary significance of DNA replication?

<p>Conservation of genetic information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of primase in DNA replication?

<p>To synthesize RNA primers for DNA polymerases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of proofreading and repair mechanisms in DNA replication?

<p>To ensure the fidelity of DNA replication by correcting errors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of DNA profiling in forensic investigations?

<p>To identify individuals based on their unique DNA characteristics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the random arrangement of homologous chromosomes during Metaphase I of meiosis?

<p>It ensures that each daughter cell receives a unique combination of chromosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of DNA replication?

<p>To ensure the continuity of genetic information during cell division (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

<p>S phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of DNA polymerase enzymes during DNA replication?

<p>To synthesize new DNA strands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist(s) proposed the double helix model of DNA in 1953?

<p>James Watson and Francis Crick (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of helicases during DNA replication?

<p>To unwind the DNA double helix (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components make up a nucleotide in DNA?

<p>Phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of DNA proofreading mechanisms during DNA replication?

<p>To ensure the accuracy of the newly synthesized DNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the location of DNA within eukaryotic cells?

<p>DNA is primarily located in the nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of primase in DNA replication?

<p>To synthesize a short RNA molecule to initiate new DNA strand synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do DNA polymerase enzymes add nucleotides during DNA replication?

<p>In a continuous manner on the leading strand and discontinuous manner on the lagging strand (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of protein synthesis does the mRNA carry the genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?

<p>Transcription (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of tRNA during translation?

<p>To carry amino acids to the ribosome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of meiosis I do homologous chromosomes pair up and undergo crossing over?

<p>Prophase I (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary significance of crossing over during Prophase I of meiosis?

<p>It allows for the exchange of genetic material between chromatids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is responsible for halving the chromosome number in the resulting daughter cells during meiosis?

<p>Anaphase I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

<p>To provide a platform for the translation process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strand of the DNA serves as a template for mRNA synthesis during transcription?

<p>The template strand (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which meiosis introduces genetic variation in the resulting gametes?

<p>Both crossing over and random alignment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is responsible for converting the genetic information encoded in DNA into proteins?

<p>Translation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of meiosis in the life cycle of organisms?

<p>To produce gametes with a haploid chromosome number (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of DNA profiling in forensic investigations?

<p>To match DNA samples from crime scenes with suspects or databases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of RNA is responsible for carrying the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?

<p>Messenger RNA (mRNA) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

<p>To assemble amino acids into proteins according to the mRNA sequence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential ethical concern associated with the use of DNA profiling?

<p>Revealing sensitive information like HIV status or genetic abnormalities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

<p>To transport amino acids to the ribosome in the correct order (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of DNA in living organisms?

<p>To store and transmit genetic information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of protein synthesis involves the conversion of the genetic code in DNA into a complementary mRNA molecule?

<p>Transcription (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of DNA polymerases during DNA replication?

<p>To synthesize new strands of DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a nucleotide in DNA is unique compared to RNA nucleotides?

<p>Sugar (deoxyribose) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of non-disjunction during meiosis?

<p>Improper separation of chromosomes, leading to abnormal chromosome numbers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between mitosis and meiosis regarding the genetic makeup of the daughter cells?

<p>In mitosis, daughter cells are genetically identical, while in meiosis, they are genetically diverse. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes pair up and undergo crossing over?

<p>Prophase I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the two rounds of cell division in meiosis?

<p>To reduce the chromosome number by half, resulting in haploid cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of non-disjunction during meiosis?

<p>Formation of gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of meiosis is similar to mitosis in terms of the separation of sister chromatids?

<p>Meiosis II (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of meiosis in the life cycle of organisms?

<p>Production of gametes for sexual reproduction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the genetic makeup of the daughter cells produced during meiosis?

<p>All four daughter cells are genetically different from each other and the parent cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which meiosis introduces genetic variation in the resulting gametes?

<p>Crossing over between homologous chromosomes during prophase I. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of maintaining a constant chromosome number through meiosis?

<p>To maintain the species-specific chromosome number across generations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the distribution of DNA within eukaryotic cells?

<p>DNA is found in both the nucleus and mitochondria. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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