Gr 12 Life Sciences June Exam P2 (Medium)
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Questions and Answers

Where is DNA primarily located in eukaryotic cells?

  • Ribosomes
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
  • Nucleus (correct)

    • What are chromosomes composed of?

  • Carbohydrates and enzymes
  • RNA and lipids
  • DNA and proteins called histones (correct)
  • Amino acids and vitamins

    • What type of DNA is inherited maternally and plays a role in energy production?

  • Chloroplast DNA
  • Nuclear DNA
  • Mitochondrial DNA (correct)
  • Ribosomal DNA

    • Which type of DNA is essential for photosynthesis in plants?

    <p>Chloroplast DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA?

    <p>Storing and transmitting genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during DNA replication?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is essential for synthesizing a short RNA primer required for DNA polymerases to start the synthesis of a new DNA strand?

    <p>Primase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA replication, which direction do DNA polymerase enzymes add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand?

    <p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ligase enzymes during DNA replication?

    <p>Join Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is interpreting DNA profiles considered challenging?

    <p>Non-unique DNA regions among unrelated individuals might lead to misinterpretation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scientists proposed the double helix model of DNA in 1953?

    <p>James Watson and Francis Crick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components make up a nucleotide in DNA?

    <p>Phosphate group, deoxyribose, and nitrogenous base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA?

    <p>To store and transmit genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pairs of nitrogenous bases are correctly matched according to the rules of base pairing in DNA?

    <p>Adenine pairs with Thymine, Cytosine pairs with Guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is messenger RNA (mRNA) formed?

    <p>In the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nitrogenous bases is unique to RNA and not found in DNA?

    <p>Uracil (U)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Facilitating assembly of amino acids into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is transfer RNA (tRNA) found in the cell?

    <p>In the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of mRNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carrying the genetic code from DNA to cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the process of transcription?

    <p>It involves the unwinding of a specific section of the DNA double helix and the formation of a complementary mRNA molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) during translation?

    <p>It carries specific amino acids and binds to the mRNA using its anticodon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of meiosis?

    <p>To produce gametes with half the number of chromosomes for sexual reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis I does crossing over occur?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the random arrangement of homologous chromosomes during Metaphase I of meiosis?

    <p>It leads to genetic variation in the resulting gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between the daughter cells produced in mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>Daughter cells in mitosis are genetically identical to each other, while daughter cells in meiosis are genetically different.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the chromosome number during meiosis?

    <p>The chromosome number is halved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is responsible for genetic diversity among produced gametes?

    <p>Crossing over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase does homologous chromosomes pair up in meiosis I?

    <p>Prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many rounds of cell division occur in meiosis?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of Telophase in meiosis I?

    <p>Two haploid daughter cells that are genetically varied</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Meiosis II in producing genetically varied offspring?

    <p>To produce haploid but genetically varied cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Both karyokinesis and cytokinesis occur twice' describes which process?

    <p>'Mitosis'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Occurs in sex organs for the production of gametes' describes which process?

    <p>'Meiosis'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Results in the formation of four daughter cells' is a characteristic of which process?

    <p>'Meiosis'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of meiosis?

    <p>To produce gametes with half the number of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which meiosis introduces genetic variation?

    <p>Crossing over and random assortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of non-disjunction during meiosis?

    <p>It leads to the formation of gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major difference between mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>Meiosis results in the formation of haploid cells, while mitosis produces diploid cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic condition is associated with non-disjunction of chromosome pair 21 during meiosis?

    <p>Down syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA replication?

    <p>Ensuring the continuity of genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle is crucial for DNA replication to occur?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What holds the two strands of DNA together in the double helix structure?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of DNA replication occurring in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells?

    <p>It provides a controlled environment for accurate copying of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme plays a key role in unwinding the DNA double helix during DNA replication?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of primase in DNA replication?

    <p>Synthesizes a short RNA primer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, what is the function of helicases?

    <p>Facilitate unwinding of the DNA double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of ligase enzymes in DNA replication?

    <p>Join Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do DNA polymerase enzymes add nucleotides during DNA replication?

    <p>In a 5' to 3' direction on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA polymerases in DNA replication?

    <p>Synthesizing new strands of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>To store and transmit genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the location of DNA is correct?

    <p>DNA is found in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)?

    <p>To play a role in energy production within the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are chromosomes composed of?

    <p>DNA and proteins called histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chloroplast DNA in plants?

    <p>To enable plants to convert light energy into chemical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of crossing over during Prophase I of meiosis?

    <p>To ensure an equal distribution of genetic material to daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In translation, what is the role of tRNA?

    <p>Pairing with mRNA codons and bringing specific amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the random arrangement of homologous chromosomes during Metaphase I of meiosis?

    <p>It promotes genetic variation among gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule serves as a template during the formation of mRNA in transcription?

    <p>Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens at the termination stage of translation during protein synthesis?

    <p>A stop codon is reached, signaling the end of protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary ethical concern associated with the use of DNA profiling?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the different types of RNA?

    <p>tRNA participates in the unwinding of the DNA double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ribosomes during protein synthesis?

    <p>Providing the site for the assembly of amino acids into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is correct about the structure of RNA?

    <p>RNA is a polymer made up of nucleotides containing ribose sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Serving as the template that specifies the order of amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of the resulting daughter cells?

    <p>In mitosis, daughter cells are genetically identical, while in meiosis, they are genetically different from each other and the parent cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis I do homologous chromosomes pair up?

    <p>Prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of meiosis in the life cycle of organisms?

    <p>Production of gametes and genetic diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the outcome of Telophase in meiosis I?

    <p>Two genetically different haploid daughter cells are formed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which meiosis introduces genetic variation in the resulting gametes?

    <p>Both crossing over and random assortment of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of meiosis is responsible for halving the chromosome number in the resulting daughter cells?

    <p>Meiosis I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mitosis in the life cycle of organisms?

    <p>Growth and maintenance of somatic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the chromosome behavior during Anaphase of meiosis I?

    <p>Whole chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between the Metaphase stages of mitosis and meiosis I?

    <p>In mitosis, individual chromosomes line up, while in meiosis I, homologous chromosome pairs line up.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the second division (Meiosis II) in the meiotic process?

    <p>It ensures that the resulting daughter cells are haploid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of non-disjunction during meiosis?

    <p>Formation of gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic condition is specifically associated with non-disjunction of chromosome pair 21 during meiosis?

    <p>Down Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of crossing over during Prophase I of meiosis?

    <p>Introducing genetic variation in the resulting gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs during Telophase II of meiosis?

    <p>Nuclear envelopes reform around chromosomes at each pole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which meiosis maintains the correct chromosome number across generations?

    <p>Reduction of chromosome number from diploid to haploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of histones in relation to DNA within eukaryotic cells?

    <p>To organize and compact DNA into chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the inheritance pattern of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)?

    <p>It is exclusively inherited from the mother.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chloroplast DNA in plants?

    <p>To regulate the process of photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the structure of DNA?

    <p>It is a double-stranded helix composed of nucleotides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>To store and transmit genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the location of DNA within eukaryotic cells?

    <p>DNA is found in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of meiosis involves the alignment of chromosomes at the equator of the cell?

    <p>Metaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of non-disjunction during meiosis?

    <p>Production of gametes with abnormal chromosome numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does crossing over play during meiosis?

    <p>Introduces genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process ensures that offspring have the correct diploid number of chromosomes?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of reducing chromosome number during meiosis?

    <p>Balances the doubling of chromosomes during fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In humans, what is the consequence of non-disjunction involving chromosome pair 21 during meiosis?

    <p>Development of Down Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes genetic diversity among produced gametes during meiosis?

    <p>Crossing over and random assortment of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis do centromeres divide, and sister chromatids are pulled towards opposite poles?

    <p>Anaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of maintaining a constant chromosome number through meiosis?

    <p>Balances chromosomal count through generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of meiosis ensures that each gamete produced contains a unique combination of genes?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step in DNA replication involves the synthesis of a short RNA molecule to initiate the new DNA strand?

    <p>Primer Binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction in which DNA polymerase enzymes add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand?

    <p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for joining the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication?

    <p>Ligase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of DNA replication in organisms?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during the initiation step of DNA replication?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of DNA proofreading mechanisms during DNA replication?

    <p>Ensuring the fidelity of DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the interpretation of DNA profiles in DNA fingerprinting?

    <p>A match between the majority of bands in the evidence and reference samples suggests they are from the same source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant challenge in interpreting DNA profiles during DNA fingerprinting?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of DNA replication in the context of biological research?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step in DNA replication involves the meeting of replication forks and the completion of the replication process?

    <p>Termination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between mitosis and meiosis during the metaphase stage?

    <p>In mitosis, individual chromosomes are arranged on the equator, while in meiosis I, homologous chromosome pairs line up on the equator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the outcome of telophase differ between mitosis and meiosis I?

    <p>In mitosis, telophase results in two identical daughter cells, while in meiosis I, it results in two haploid daughter cells, which are not identical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between the daughter cells produced by mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>Daughter cells from mitosis are genetically identical, while daughter cells from meiosis are genetically different.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>To increase genetic variability among the produced gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is responsible for halving the chromosome number in the resulting daughter cells?

    <p>Meiosis I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of the second division (Meiosis II) in the meiotic process?

    <p>To ensure that the end products are haploid but genetically varied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of DNA profiling in forensic investigations?

    <p>To compare DNA samples from crime scenes with those from suspects or databases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does DNA replication primarily take place in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA is responsible for carrying the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?

    <p>Messenger RNA (mRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle is critical for DNA replication to occur?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

    <p>To serve as the site for the assembly of amino acids into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA polymerases during DNA replication?

    <p>Adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is responsible for converting the genetic information encoded in DNA into proteins?

    <p>Both transcription and translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is specifically responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during DNA replication?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process ensures the accurate copying of DNA during cell division?

    <p>DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential ethical concern associated with the use of DNA profiling?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of events involved in protein synthesis, according to the central dogma of molecular biology?

    <p>Transcription, replication, translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA is involved in transporting amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?

    <p>Transfer RNA (tRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base pairs with guanine in DNA?

    <p>Adenine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA in living organisms?

    <p>To store and transmit genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and not found in DNA?

    <p>Uracil (U)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a nucleotide in DNA is unique compared to RNA nucleotides?

    <p>Deoxyribose sugar molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>To interpret the genetic code carried by mRNA and deliver the appropriate amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of meiosis in the life cycle of organisms?

    <p>To produce gametes (sperm and egg cells) with half the chromosome number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs during the unwinding of the DNA double helix in transcription?

    <p>The weak hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases break, allowing the DNA to unzip.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strand of the DNA serves as a template for mRNA synthesis during transcription?

    <p>The non-coding strand of the DNA acts as the template.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the complementary base pairing that occurs during mRNA formation in transcription?

    <p>Adenine pairs with uracil, cytosine with guanine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) during translation?

    <p>tRNA carries specific amino acids and has an anticodon complementary to the mRNA codons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the initiation stage of translation?

    <p>A tRNA's anticodon matches a codon on the mRNA, and the tRNA binds to the mRNA at the ribosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of crossing over during Prophase I of meiosis?

    <p>It increases genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material between chromatids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during Anaphase I of meiosis?

    <p>Homologous chromosomes, each still composed of two chromatids, are pulled to opposite poles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the random arrangement of homologous chromosomes during Metaphase I of meiosis?

    <p>It increases genetic diversity among the gametes produced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during Telophase I of meiosis?

    <p>Nuclear membranes reform around each set of chromosomes at the poles, and the cell splits into two through cytokinesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of meiosis in the life cycle of organisms?

    <p>To produce gametes with half the number of chromosomes for sexual reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of DNA within eukaryotic cells?

    <p>To store and transmit genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the structure of chromosomes?

    <p>Chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins called histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)?

    <p>To enable energy production within the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the role of chloroplast DNA in plants?

    <p>It is essential for photosynthesis and light energy conversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of histones in relation to DNA within eukaryotic cells?

    <p>To organize and compact DNA within the cell nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the distribution of DNA within eukaryotic cells?

    <p>DNA is found in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference in the behavior of chromosomes during Anaphase of mitosis compared to meiosis I?

    <p>Chromosomes are pulled to poles as whole chromosomes during Anaphase of mitosis, while in meiosis I, only chromatids are separated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During Telophase I of meiosis, what is the outcome in terms of daughter cells?

    <p>Results in two haploid daughter cells that are genetically varied</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the relationship between genetic diversity and the process of meiosis?

    <p>Genetic diversity is increased through crossing over in meiosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant difference between the end products of Meiosis II compared to Mitosis?

    <p>Meiosis II results in haploid cells with genetic variation, while Mitosis results in diploid cells that are genetically identical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the second division (Meiosis II) that resembles mitosis for haploid cells?

    <p>Separation of sister chromatids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the pairing of homologous chromosomes during Metaphase I of meiosis contribute to genetic diversity?

    <p>The pairing allows for crossing over and exchange of genetic material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during Anaphase II of meiosis?

    <p>Spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the reduction of chromosome number important in meiosis?

    <p>To balance the chromosome number during fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to genetic variation in meiosis?

    <p>Random assortment of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of non-disjunction involving chromosome pair 21?

    <p>Formation of trisomy 21 in offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of meiosis ensures that each gamete produced contains a unique combination of genes?

    <p>Metaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>Creating new combinations of genes on chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from abnormal meiosis due to chromosome mutation?

    <p>'Doubling' of chromosome number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material during meiosis?

    <p>' Crossing over' occurs during Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main outcome of meiosis?

    <p>Formation of haploid cells from diploid cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does meiosis contribute to maintaining a constant chromosome number across generations?

    <p>By reducing the chromosome number from diploid to haploid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of helicases in DNA replication?

    <p>To unwind the DNA double helix and separate the strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of DNA polymerases during DNA replication?

    <p>To add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which direction do DNA polymerase enzymes add nucleotides to the growing DNA strand?

    <p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ligase enzymes in DNA replication?

    <p>To join Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step in DNA replication involves the meeting of replication forks and the completion of the process?

    <p>Termination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of DNA replication?

    <p>Conservation of genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of primase in DNA replication?

    <p>To synthesize RNA primers for DNA polymerases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of proofreading and repair mechanisms in DNA replication?

    <p>To ensure the fidelity of DNA replication by correcting errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of DNA profiling in forensic investigations?

    <p>To identify individuals based on their unique DNA characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the random arrangement of homologous chromosomes during Metaphase I of meiosis?

    <p>It ensures that each daughter cell receives a unique combination of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of DNA replication?

    <p>To ensure the continuity of genetic information during cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA polymerase enzymes during DNA replication?

    <p>To synthesize new DNA strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist(s) proposed the double helix model of DNA in 1953?

    <p>James Watson and Francis Crick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of helicases during DNA replication?

    <p>To unwind the DNA double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components make up a nucleotide in DNA?

    <p>Phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of DNA proofreading mechanisms during DNA replication?

    <p>To ensure the accuracy of the newly synthesized DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the location of DNA within eukaryotic cells?

    <p>DNA is primarily located in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of primase in DNA replication?

    <p>To synthesize a short RNA molecule to initiate new DNA strand synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do DNA polymerase enzymes add nucleotides during DNA replication?

    <p>In a continuous manner on the leading strand and discontinuous manner on the lagging strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of protein synthesis does the mRNA carry the genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of tRNA during translation?

    <p>To carry amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis I do homologous chromosomes pair up and undergo crossing over?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of crossing over during Prophase I of meiosis?

    <p>It allows for the exchange of genetic material between chromatids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is responsible for halving the chromosome number in the resulting daughter cells during meiosis?

    <p>Anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

    <p>To provide a platform for the translation process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strand of the DNA serves as a template for mRNA synthesis during transcription?

    <p>The template strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which meiosis introduces genetic variation in the resulting gametes?

    <p>Both crossing over and random alignment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is responsible for converting the genetic information encoded in DNA into proteins?

    <p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of meiosis in the life cycle of organisms?

    <p>To produce gametes with a haploid chromosome number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of DNA profiling in forensic investigations?

    <p>To match DNA samples from crime scenes with suspects or databases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA is responsible for carrying the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?

    <p>Messenger RNA (mRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

    <p>To assemble amino acids into proteins according to the mRNA sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential ethical concern associated with the use of DNA profiling?

    <p>Revealing sensitive information like HIV status or genetic abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>To transport amino acids to the ribosome in the correct order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA in living organisms?

    <p>To store and transmit genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of protein synthesis involves the conversion of the genetic code in DNA into a complementary mRNA molecule?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of DNA polymerases during DNA replication?

    <p>To synthesize new strands of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a nucleotide in DNA is unique compared to RNA nucleotides?

    <p>Sugar (deoxyribose)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of non-disjunction during meiosis?

    <p>Improper separation of chromosomes, leading to abnormal chromosome numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between mitosis and meiosis regarding the genetic makeup of the daughter cells?

    <p>In mitosis, daughter cells are genetically identical, while in meiosis, they are genetically diverse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes pair up and undergo crossing over?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the two rounds of cell division in meiosis?

    <p>To reduce the chromosome number by half, resulting in haploid cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of non-disjunction during meiosis?

    <p>Formation of gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of meiosis is similar to mitosis in terms of the separation of sister chromatids?

    <p>Meiosis II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of meiosis in the life cycle of organisms?

    <p>Production of gametes for sexual reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the genetic makeup of the daughter cells produced during meiosis?

    <p>All four daughter cells are genetically different from each other and the parent cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which meiosis introduces genetic variation in the resulting gametes?

    <p>Crossing over between homologous chromosomes during prophase I.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of maintaining a constant chromosome number through meiosis?

    <p>To maintain the species-specific chromosome number across generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the distribution of DNA within eukaryotic cells?

    <p>DNA is found in both the nucleus and mitochondria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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