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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of creating a computer network?
What is the primary purpose of creating a computer network?
Which role specifically involves the security aspects of networking?
Which role specifically involves the security aspects of networking?
What is a common term used to refer to devices like computers and printers that are connected in a network?
What is a common term used to refer to devices like computers and printers that are connected in a network?
How have modern networks impacted global communication?
How have modern networks impacted global communication?
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Which of the following is NOT a job role typically associated with computer networking?
Which of the following is NOT a job role typically associated with computer networking?
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What does dB express in relation to signal strength?
What does dB express in relation to signal strength?
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What is typically the cause of crosstalk in a network cable?
What is typically the cause of crosstalk in a network cable?
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What must be unique when using a public addressing scheme?
What must be unique when using a public addressing scheme?
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Which type of cable is required to support Power over Ethernet?
Which type of cable is required to support Power over Ethernet?
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Which command line tool is used in both Windows and Linux environments for checking IP configuration?
Which command line tool is used in both Windows and Linux environments for checking IP configuration?
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Which of the following typically causes increased heat when drawing power down a cable?
Which of the following typically causes increased heat when drawing power down a cable?
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What unique identifier does every NIC (Network Interface Card) have?
What unique identifier does every NIC (Network Interface Card) have?
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What is the primary purpose of the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)?
What is the primary purpose of the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)?
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When troubleshooting an IP network, which issue should be addressed first?
When troubleshooting an IP network, which issue should be addressed first?
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How is an IPv4 address expressed?
How is an IPv4 address expressed?
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Which of the following is NOT a common issue to look for when troubleshooting networks?
Which of the following is NOT a common issue to look for when troubleshooting networks?
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Which tool is used for testing fiber optic cables?
Which tool is used for testing fiber optic cables?
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In the context of using the ping utility, what does it test?
In the context of using the ping utility, what does it test?
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What can a cable tester report on?
What can a cable tester report on?
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What common network issue might result from duplicate IP addresses?
What common network issue might result from duplicate IP addresses?
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What does the process of routing involve?
What does the process of routing involve?
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What is the primary benefit of a redundant network?
What is the primary benefit of a redundant network?
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Which of the following is NOT a common type of network attack?
Which of the following is NOT a common type of network attack?
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What does network hardening aim to accomplish?
What does network hardening aim to accomplish?
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What should be done to ensure secure configuration in device and service hardening?
What should be done to ensure secure configuration in device and service hardening?
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Which type of attack is characterized by the use of false identity to gain unauthorized access?
Which type of attack is characterized by the use of false identity to gain unauthorized access?
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Which of the following is an example of an insider threat?
Which of the following is an example of an insider threat?
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What does endpoint security focus on?
What does endpoint security focus on?
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Which of the following measures is effective for securing network access?
Which of the following measures is effective for securing network access?
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What does elasticity in cloud computing refer to?
What does elasticity in cloud computing refer to?
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Which type of hypervisor runs guest virtual machines directly on the hardware?
Which type of hypervisor runs guest virtual machines directly on the hardware?
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What is a significant characteristic of a storage area network (SAN)?
What is a significant characteristic of a storage area network (SAN)?
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Which of the following is NOT a cloud service model?
Which of the following is NOT a cloud service model?
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What allows developers and data scientists to manage software and support infrastructure in the cloud?
What allows developers and data scientists to manage software and support infrastructure in the cloud?
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Which cloud deployment model is primarily accessible by a single organization?
Which cloud deployment model is primarily accessible by a single organization?
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Which of the following accurately describes a Virtual Network Interface Card (vNIC)?
Which of the following accurately describes a Virtual Network Interface Card (vNIC)?
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What is a virtual machine (VM)?
What is a virtual machine (VM)?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Computer Networks
- Two or more computers connected to share data and communicate
- Data transfer via wired (cable), wireless (frequency), LAN, cloud services, etc.
- A resource is anything accessible from a different computer on the network
Computer Networks Today
- Communication is as essential as basic needs like air, water, and food
- Modern communications have advanced due to robust data networks
- Networks minimize the relevance of physical limitations (distance, borders)
- Networks have transformed work, learning, play, communication, etc.
Common Networking Terms
- Node: A single device (computer, server, printer) connected to a network
- Noise: Interference within or close to the channel that isn't the intended signal
- Cable Tester: Reports on physical and electrical properties (crosstalk attenuation, noise)
- Attenuation: Signal strength loss over distance can cause connectivity problems
- Electromagnetic Interference (EMI): External interference affecting signal transmission
- Crosstalk: Interference between signals on neighboring cables, often due to bad wiring
-
Patch Cord Form Factors:
- Straight Through
- Crossover
- Rollover Cable/Console Cable: Connects a computer to a switch or router's command line terminal
- Power over Ethernet (PoE): Cat 3 or higher cable required, generates heat
-
Fiber Optic Cable Testing Tools:
- Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
- Optical Spectrum Analyzer (OSA)
IP Addressing Schemes
- Addressing techniques work at Data Link, Network, and Application layers to locate devices on a network
- Data Link Layer MAC Address: Unique 48-bit address for each Network Interface Card (NIC) (e.g., 00:60:8C:00:54:99)
- Network Layer IP Address: Assigned to each network interface, used for routing
IP Addressing (IPv4)
- 32-bit addresses in four decimal octets (e.g., 192.168.1.1)
- Unique network ID required for public addressing (internet) or private addressing (internal systems)
Config and Troubleshooting IP Networks and Routing Concepts
- Command-line tools (like ipconfig) provide information about system configuration and data transfer
- Ipconfig: Used for network configuration information (Windows)
- Ifconfig: Used for network configuration information (Linux)
- ARP Cache Utility: Maps IP addresses to MAC addresses
-
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) and Ping:
- Used to report errors and send messages about packet delivery
- Ping sends ICMP requests to a destination host to test connectivity
Troubleshoot IP Networks
-
Troubleshooting Steps:
- Eliminate physical hardware failure and Data Link layer issues first
- Check power failures, cable/transceiver issues, and interface status
-
Interface Status Issues:
- Use LED indicators and switch command line to diagnose interface problems (collisions, connectivity)
-
Other Issues:
- Incorrect IP address
- Incorrect Subnet Mask
- DNS issues
- Duplicate IP and MAC address issues
- Multicast Flooding issues
Routing Concepts
- The process of selecting a path across networks
- Redundant networks improve reliability
Recovery Sites
- Alternate locations providing similar services in case of disaster or failure
- Other factors: Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning (HVAC); Power Management; Network Device Backup Management
Network Attacks
- Intruders try to steal information, misuse network services, or compromise availability
- Insider threats may have privileged access; external threats may need to gain access (e.g., malware)
Types of Attacks
- Foot Printing or Fingerprinting
- Spoofing Attacks
- Denial of Service (DoS or DDoS)
- MAC Spoofing and IP Spoofing
- ARP Spoofing
- Rogue DHCP
- DNS Poisoning
- VLAN Hopping
- Rogue Access Points
- Evil Twins
- DE authentication Attacks
- Distributed DoS Attacks and Botnets
- Viruses and Worms
- Potentially Unwanted Programs (PUPs) / Potentially Unwanted Applications (PUAs)
- Trojan
- Password Attacks
- Phishing Attacks
- Shoulder Surfing
- Tailgating and Piggybacking
Network Hardening Techniques
- Minimizing security gaps in cybersecurity infrastructure
-
Device and Service Hardening (Secure Configuration):
- Change default passwords/credentials
- Enforce password complexity/length requirements
- Configure role-based access
- Disable unneeded network services
- Disable unsecure protocols
Endpoint Security and Switchport Protection
- Secures network access at the device level
- Cloud improves security by enabling user self-sufficiency (e.g., developers, data scientists)
Cloud Deployment Models
- Elasticity: Ability to handle changes in demand in real time
- Public (Multitenant)
- Hosted Private
- Private
- Community
- Hybrid
Cloud Service Models
- XaaS (Something/Anything/Everything as a service):
- Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): Provides virtualized infrastructure
- Software as a Service (SaaS): Software applications delivered over the internet
- Platform as a Service (PaaS): Development platform with tools and services
- Desktop as a Service (DaaS): Provides virtual desktops accessible over the network
Virtualization and Storage Area Network Technologies
- Virtualization: Running virtual instances of systems on abstracted hardware
- Virtual Machine: Emulated computer system running on top of another system
- Hypervisor: Program for creating and running virtual machines
- Type 1 (Bare Metal): Runs directly on hardware, acts as the OS
- Type 2 (Hosted): Runs as a traditional application
- Virtual Network Interface Card (vNIC): Configures a VM's network connection
-
Storage Area Network (SAN): Provides block-level access to storage devices
- Isolated from main network, accessed only by servers
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of computer networks, including their structure and importance in facilitating communication and data transfer. Understand key networking terms and the advancements that have made modern communication as crucial as basic needs. This quiz covers essential concepts related to wired and wireless networks, their role in various fields, and common terminology.
