Introduction to Communication and Scientific Research
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Questions and Answers

What is the Latin word for 'communicate'?

communicare

What are the three types of communication discussed in the text?

Verbal, non-verbal, and written communication

What is the goal of scientific research?

To gain new knowledge, improve understanding of existing phenomena, or develop new tools, products, or processes.

Which of these is NOT a purpose of scientific research?

<p>To entertain the public (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Basic research aims to solve immediate practical problems.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Applied research focuses on gaining new knowledge.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a step in the research process?

<p>Peer review of research findings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Scientific texts ensure ______ by using references and citations.

<p>credibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common structure of scientific texts?

<p>IMRAD (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the abstract section in a scientific text?

<p>To provide a concise summary of the research, including its purpose, methods, results, and conclusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the methods section in a scientific text?

<p>To provide a detailed description of how the research was conducted, including the study design, materials used, procedures followed, and data analysis methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the discussion section in a scientific text?

<p>To interpret the findings, discuss limitations, compare them with existing literature, and suggest future research directions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the references section in a scientific text?

<p>To list all the sources cited in the text, formatted according to a specific citation style.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a scientific report?

<p>To communicate the findings of an experiment or research study in a structured and systematic way, allowing researchers to present their methods, data, and conclusions in a manner that can be understood, evaluated, and reproduced by others in the scientific community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A good scientific report is subjective and biased.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A scientific report should be clear, concise, and objective.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be used when writing a scientific report?

<p>Past tense (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is not important to use visuals in a scientific report.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a literature review?

<p>To summarize what you learned from other sources, organize ideas together by theme, and identify gaps in existing knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bibliographic research involves identifying, locating, and analysing existing information sources.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary source?

<p>Original studies and experiments providing direct evidence or results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a secondary source?

<p>Summarizes or discusses primary sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a useful research tool?

<p>Wikipedia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of keywords in research?

<p>To narrow down a research topic and effectively search for relevant information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When choosing keywords for your research, it is not important to consider synonyms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to evaluate research sources?

<p>To ensure the accuracy and reliability of the information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key factors to consider when evaluating a source?

<p>Author, journal, date, and peer review.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of organizing a literature review by theme?

<p>To group related ideas together, creating a clear and coherent structure for presenting the gathered information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of identifying gaps in a literature review?

<p>To identify areas where research is lacking and to suggest future research directions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Citations give credit to the original authors.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Citations help other researchers find the same information.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Communication

The act of exchanging information, ideas and opinions to ensure complete understanding between parties involved in the communication.

Verbal Communication

Communication involving the use of spoken words.

Non-verbal Communication

Communication relying on gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, and posture.

Written Communication

Exchanging information, ideas, or messages through written language, such as letters, emails, or notes.

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Scientific Research

A systematic process involving gathering, analyzing, and interpreting data to solve problems or gain new knowledge.

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Basic Research

Research conducted to expand knowledge without a specific application in mind, like studying plant growth in different environments.

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Applied Research

Research focused on solving specific, practical problems, such as developing a new vaccine.

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Research Methodology

The organized steps involved in conducting research, including selecting a topic, defining a problem, and collecting data.

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Primary Literature

Research authored by researchers that contains original research data. Examples include original articles, case reports, and technical notes.

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Secondary Literature

Publications that summarize or review results from original scientific research. Examples include review articles, books, textbooks, and manuals.

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Writing

The process of using symbols like letters and punctuation to communicate thoughts and ideas.

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Scientific Text

A form of writing that aims to communicate scientific findings, theories, and analyses in a clear and objective manner.

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Research Articles

Detailed studies that report original research findings, typically including sections like introduction, methods, results, and discussion.

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Review Articles

Articles that summarize and synthesize existing research on a specific topic.

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Conference Papers

Articles usually presented at scientific conferences that summarize preliminary research findings and facilitate discussion.

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Theses and Dissertations

Extensive research documents created for graduate or Ph.D. programs, detailing original research and its significance.

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Technical Reports

Documents often created by government agencies or researchers that present research findings and technical information on specific projects.

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Case Studies

Texts that focus on a specific instance or case within a field, providing in-depth analysis and insights.

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Editorials and Commentaries

Articles that reflect the author's opinion on current issues within a field, often discussing implications of recent research.

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Books and Textbooks

Comprehensive publications covering broader topics in detail, often used for education.

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Popular Science Articles

Articles written for a general audience to explain scientific concepts in an accessible manner.

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Datasets and Supplementary Materials

Raw data, statistical analyses, or materials supporting research findings.

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Precise Language

The use of clear and specific words in scientific writing.

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Structured Format

The framework or structure of a scientific text, often following a set format like IMRaD.

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Evidence-Based

Claims and conclusions in scientific texts supported by evidence, data, and research findings.

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Replicability

The ability for others to replicate the methods and procedures of a study.

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Terminology

The collection of specific words and phrases used to describe concepts in a particular field.

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Ecological Terminology

The specialized terms and concepts used to describe the interactions between living organisms and their environment.

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Competition

The interaction where individuals of the same or different species compete for limited resources.

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Parasitism

The relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of another.

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Ecological Niche

The role or function of a species within its ecosystem.

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Habitat

The physical environment where a species lives.

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Biodiversity

The variety of life forms in an ecosystem.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Communication and Expression

  • Communication is the act of giving, receiving, or exchanging information, ideas, and opinions to ensure the message is understood by both parties.
  • Communication takes different forms, including verbal, non-verbal, and written communication.
  • Verbal communication uses spoken words to convey messages.
  • Non-verbal communication involves gestures, facial expressions, and eye contact.
  • Written communication is the exchange of information through written language.

Scientific Research

  • Scientific research is a systematic process for gathering, analyzing, and interpreting data to answer a question or solve a problem.
  • The goal is to generate new knowledge, or improve existing phenomena, or create new tools, products, or processes.

Purpose of Scientific Research

  • It helps in understanding the world better.
  • It allows solving practical problems.

Types of Scientific Research

  • Basic research aims to expand knowledge without a specific application in mind.
  • Applied research focuses on solving specific, practical problems.

Research Methodology

  • Major steps in scientific research include: selection of a research topic, defining a research problem, designing research, reviewing a literature, collecting data, analyzing data, interpreting results, reporting, and concluding.

Types of Scientific Literature

  • Primary literature is authored by researchers and contains original research data including original articles, case reports, and technical notes.
  • Secondary literature summarizes or reviews theories and results of original research, written by other researchers in their publications including review articles, books, textbooks, and manuals.

Writing

  • Writing is the process of using symbols to communicate thoughts and ideas.
  • It involves organizing words into meaningful sentences and paragraphs.
  • Writing can take many forms, including creative writing, academic essays, business reports, and journalism.
  • It's a tool for recording, sharing, and preserving knowledge.

Scientific Texts

  • Scientific texts communicate research findings, theories, analyses, and scientific concepts.
  • It presents information clearly, objectively, and precisely for informing, educating, or advancing specific knowledge in the field.
  • Scientific texts use detailed structures, formal tones, specialized vocabulary, data, citations, and references.

Types of Scientific Texts

  • Research articles report detailed studies of research findings including introduction, methods, results, and discussion sections.
  • Review articles sum up or synthesize existing research on a specific topic.
  • Conference papers present summaries of research findings at scientific conferences.
  • Theses and dissertations are extensive documents that detail original research.
  • Technical reports present research findings and technical information on specific projects conducted by government agencies or research institutions.
  • Case studies focus on specific instances within a field, offering in-depth analysis and insights.
  • Editorials and commentaries reflect authors' opinions on current issues, often discussing implications of recent research.
  • Books and textbooks offer comprehensive overviews of broader topics, serving as educational resources for students and professionals in the field.
  • Popular science articles explain scientific concepts to a general audience.
  • Datasets and supplementary materials provide additional support for research findings such as raw data, statistical analysis, or other necessary materials.

Structure of a Scientific Text

  • A scientific text typically follows a specific format to effectively communicate research findings.
  • The structure is categorized into:
    • Title
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Methods
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • Conclusion
    • References

How to Read and Analyze a Scientific Text

  • Preparation
  • Pre-reading
  • Detailed reading
  • Identifying key components
  • Evaluating the argument
  • Critiquing the methodology
  • Interpreting findings
  • Considering implications
  • Ethical considerations
  • Summarizing key points

Significance of Analyzing Scientific Texts

  • Students and scientists analyze scientific texts to gain a deeper understanding of research.
  • It helps with knowledge building, developing critical thinking abilities, learning research methods, developing communication skills, updating knowledge on advances, and applying concepts to practical problems.

Ecological Terminology

  • Ecological terminology describes interactions between organisms and their environment, including biotic and abiotic factors.
  • Levels of organization include individual, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere.
  • Ecological interactions include predation, competition, mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism.
  • Concepts include environmental factors, ecological niches, habitats, biodiversity, ecological succession, carrying capacity, and biogeochemical cycles (carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle).

Applications of Ecological Terminology

  • Research and Modeling
  • Conservation and Management
  • Environmental Policy
  • Education and Public Awareness
  • Ecosystem Monitoring

Essential Ecological Terms

  • Ecosystem: A system of interacting organisms and their environment in a specific area
  • Biodiversity: Variety and variability of life forms within an ecosystem.
  • Habitat: Physical environment where an organism lives.
  • Niche: Organisms' role in the ecosystem including their interactions and needs.
  • Population: Group of individuals of same species living in a geographic area.
  • Community: Interacting group of populations of different species.
  • Biotic and abiotic factors: Living and non-living components of an ecosystem.
  • Symbiosis: Close interaction between two species. Types include mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.
  • Eutrophication: Enrichment of water bodies with nutrients causing algae growth and oxygen depletion.
  • Succession: Gradual process of change in an ecosystem after a disturbance
  • Carrying capacity: Maximum population an environment can support.
  • Biodiversity: Variety of life in a habitat or ecosystem.
  • Anthropogenic: Changes in the environment due to human activity, including climate change.
  • Climate change: Long-term changes in temperature and weather patterns.

Bibliographic Research

  • Identifying, locating, and analyzing existing information sources on a specific topic to understand concepts and knowledge.
  • Primary sources are original studies, while secondary ones summarize or discuss primary ones.

Research Tools and Resources

  • Academic databases (e.g., Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect) and library catalogs.

Defining Research Topics and Keywords

  • Clearly identifying the research topic and appropriate keywords related to the topic.

Evaluating Sources

  • Assess the credibility of sources regarding their authorship, publication journal, accuracy, date of publication, and peer review.

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Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of communication and scientific research. This quiz covers various forms of communication, including verbal, non-verbal, and written, as well as the purpose and types of scientific research. Test your understanding of how these two fields intersect.

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