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Questions and Answers
What was Robert Hooke known for in the study of cells?
What was Robert Hooke known for in the study of cells?
Which of the following statements is NOT part of cell theory?
Which of the following statements is NOT part of cell theory?
Which of the following is a property of cultured cells, specifically HeLa cells?
Which of the following is a property of cultured cells, specifically HeLa cells?
What does the reductionist approach in cell biology involve?
What does the reductionist approach in cell biology involve?
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Which scientist is credited with the observation of microscopic 'animalcules'?
Which scientist is credited with the observation of microscopic 'animalcules'?
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What characteristic is shared among cells from different species?
What characteristic is shared among cells from different species?
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Which of the following was NOT a contribution to cell theory?
Which of the following was NOT a contribution to cell theory?
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What is a key feature of cellular processes in living organisms?
What is a key feature of cellular processes in living organisms?
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What role do receptors play in cells?
What role do receptors play in cells?
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What is one way cells can respond to stimuli?
What is one way cells can respond to stimuli?
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Which process allows cells to maintain a stable internal environment?
Which process allows cells to maintain a stable internal environment?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic shared by all living cells?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic shared by all living cells?
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What is the significance of the last universal common ancestor (LUCA)?
What is the significance of the last universal common ancestor (LUCA)?
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How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells primarily differ?
How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells primarily differ?
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What is meant by 'feedback circuits' in cell regulation?
What is meant by 'feedback circuits' in cell regulation?
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What process do eukaryotic cells use to divide?
What process do eukaryotic cells use to divide?
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What type of cells includes bacteria?
What type of cells includes bacteria?
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What apparatus is responsible for segregating chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division?
What apparatus is responsible for segregating chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division?
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How do prokaryotic cells typically achieve locomotion?
How do prokaryotic cells typically achieve locomotion?
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Which feature distinguishes eukaryotic flagella from prokaryotic flagella?
Which feature distinguishes eukaryotic flagella from prokaryotic flagella?
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Which of the following processes is NOT associated with prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following processes is NOT associated with prokaryotic cells?
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What capability do prokaryotes have that significantly impacts microbial evolution?
What capability do prokaryotes have that significantly impacts microbial evolution?
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What type of chromosome do prokaryotes typically contain?
What type of chromosome do prokaryotes typically contain?
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Which of these is a correct statement about eukaryotic dividing cells?
Which of these is a correct statement about eukaryotic dividing cells?
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Which environment contains the highest estimated biomass of prokaryotic cells?
Which environment contains the highest estimated biomass of prokaryotic cells?
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What process leads to the formation of specialized cells in multicellular eukaryotes?
What process leads to the formation of specialized cells in multicellular eukaryotes?
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What feature is NOT typically associated with single-celled protists like Vorticella?
What feature is NOT typically associated with single-celled protists like Vorticella?
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What range represents the estimated total biomass of prokaryotic cells worldwide?
What range represents the estimated total biomass of prokaryotic cells worldwide?
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Which function is NOT typically attributed to the complex structures found in single-celled protists?
Which function is NOT typically attributed to the complex structures found in single-celled protists?
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Which of the following statements best describes the organelles in differentiated cells of multicellular eukaryotes?
Which of the following statements best describes the organelles in differentiated cells of multicellular eukaryotes?
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What is an example of a complex ciliated protist mentioned in the content?
What is an example of a complex ciliated protist mentioned in the content?
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What is the estimated biomass of prokaryotic cells in soil environments?
What is the estimated biomass of prokaryotic cells in soil environments?
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What occurs during the integration phase of a viral infection?
What occurs during the integration phase of a viral infection?
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Which of the following describes Volvox?
Which of the following describes Volvox?
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What is the main challenge in artificial organ development?
What is the main challenge in artificial organ development?
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What strategy is primarily used in tissue engineering?
What strategy is primarily used in tissue engineering?
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What are organoids in the context of replacement organs?
What are organoids in the context of replacement organs?
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From which type of organisms did Volvox evolve?
From which type of organisms did Volvox evolve?
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What is a significant strategy in making replacement organs?
What is a significant strategy in making replacement organs?
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Which type of structure is crucial for improving biocompatibility in tissue engineering?
Which type of structure is crucial for improving biocompatibility in tissue engineering?
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What distinguishes the genetic material location between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
What distinguishes the genetic material location between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
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Which of the following statements is true about prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular division?
Which of the following statements is true about prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular division?
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Which feature is characteristic of eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells?
Which feature is characteristic of eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells?
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What is a key difference in the size of DNA between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
What is a key difference in the size of DNA between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
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How do eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ in terms of locomotion?
How do eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ in terms of locomotion?
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What can be inferred about the structural complexity of eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?
What can be inferred about the structural complexity of eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?
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What notable event regarding multicellular organisms occurred around 600 million years ago?
What notable event regarding multicellular organisms occurred around 600 million years ago?
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What is the primary characteristic of the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells?
What is the primary characteristic of the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Cell and Molecular Biology
- The study of cells is intense.
- Studying cells uses creative instruments and techniques.
- Cell biology is reductionist. Studying the parts of a whole organism can explain the whole organism.
The Discovery of Cells
- Cells are the focus of intensive study.
- Studying cells requires innovative instruments and methods.
- Cell biology is reductionist, focusing on the premise that components of a whole organism can explain the characteristics of the organism.
Microscopy
- Microscopes allowed visualization of cells.
- Robert Hooke: He coined the term "cells" upon observing cork cells, as they reminded him of the small rooms in monasteries.
- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek: He examined pond water and observed microscopic "animalcules" which are now known as bacteria. He also looked at bacteria in peppercorn water and dental plaque.
Cell Theory
- Developed in the mid-1800s by Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow.
- All organisms are made of one or more cells.
- Cells are the fundamental structural unit of life.
- Cells arise only by division from pre-existing cells.
- Cells contain genetic material (DNA) to pass to the subsequent generation of cells.
Basic Properties of Cells
- Cells are highly complex and organized.
- Life is the most basic property of cells.
- Cells can grow and reproduce in cultures for extended periods.
- HeLa cells are cultured tumor cells, isolated from a cancer patient Henrietta Lacks. Cultured cells are crucial tools for cell biologists/scientists.
- Cellular processes are highly regulated.
- Cells from different species share common structural, compositional, and metabolic features.
Cells Possess a Genetic Program and the Means to Use It
- Genetic information for building an organism is encoded in genes. DNA is constructed and packaged into chromosomes within the cell nucleus.
- Genes contain information and instructions for: constructing cellular structures, directing cellular activities, and creating more of themselves.
- Genetic information is either haploid or diploid in cells.
Cells Are Capable of Producing More of Themselves
- Cells reproduce by dividing.
- The contents of a "mother" cell are distributed into two "daughter" cells.
Cells Acquire and Utilize Energy
- Photosynthesis fuels all living organisms.
- Animal cells derive energy from photosynthesis products, primarily glucose.
- Cells store glucose energy in ATP(adenosine triphosphate) molecules. ATP has readily usable energy.
Cells Carry Out a Variety of Chemical Reactions
- Cells are like miniaturized plants completing a variety of chemical reactions.
- A single bacterial cell can perform hundreds of different chemical transformations,
- Virtually all chemical changes in cells require enzymes to speed up the chemical reactions.
- The sum total of chemical reactions in a cell is called metabolism.
Cells Engage in Mechanical Activities
- Cells are highly active. They can transport materials, assemble and disassemble structures, and move from one location to another.
- Cell activities are based on mechanical changes within cells. Many of these changes are initiated by changes in the shape of motor proteins.
Cells Are Able to Respond to Stimuli
- Single-celled organisms can move away from harmful stimuli(object) or towards beneficial stimuli (nutrients).
- Cells in many-celled organisms have receptors that interact with substances in the environment.
- Hormones, growth factors, extracellular materials, and substances on other cells interact with these receptors.
- Cells respond to stimuli by changing their metabolism, moving or even committing suicide.
Cells Are Capable of Self-Regulation
- Cells are robust and protected from dangerous changes in composition and behavior.
- Feedback circuits regulate cellular processes, returning cells to an appropriate state.
- Maintaining a complex, regulated state requires constant regulation.
- Information for product design resides in the nucleic acids while the construction workers are primarily proteins.
- Each step of a process is spontaneous triggering each successive step automatically.
Two Fundamentally Different Classes of Cells
- Two basic classes of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
- Prokaryotic cells: bacteria,
- Eukaryotic cells: plants, animals, protists, and fungi.
- These classes differ in size and organelle types.
- Both kinds of cells share a similar genetic language, metabolic pathways, and some key structures.
Characteristics That Distinguish Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
- Both kinds of cells have plasma membranes (selectively permeable barriers).
- A rigid cell wall may also surround these cells.
- Genetic material is membrane-bound (nucleus) in eukaryotes but not in prokaryotes (in the nuclear area of cytosol).
- Eukaryotic cells include more complex structures and functions.
Types of Prokaryotic Cells: Domain Archaea and Domain Bacteria
- Archaea are evolutionarily related species that live in extreme environments. They are sometimes called extremophiles.
- Some notable examples are methanogens, halophiles, acidophiles, and thermophiles. Hyperthermophiles live in incredibly hot environments, sometimes as hot as 121°C.
- Bacteria are present in many different types of habitats.
- Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria. These bacteria produce atmospheric oxygen and are important to photosynthesis.
- Prokaryotic diversity is vast. DNA sequencing is used to rapidly identify, characterize, and catalog prokaryotic species.
Types of Prokaryotic Cells: Prokaryotic Diversity
- Over 6,000 prokaryotic species have been identified, but there are likely many more that remain undiscovered.
- DNA sequencing allows for a rapid and efficient identification and characterization of organisms.
- The human microbiome is the collection of microbes living on the human body.
Types of Eukaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic cells are more complex and include different types, like those of vorticella.
- The most complex eukaryotic cells include diverse protists.
- Multicellular eukaryotes include different cells with diverse functions.
- Differentiation creates specialized cells. The number and arrangement of organelles within cells relate to the function and activity of the cell. Despite specialization, cells share common organelles.
Types of Eukaryotic Cells: Model Organisms
- Several model organisms are used in cell and molecular biology. These organisms are useful to research in part to the readily available data about them and the relative ease with which they can be studied.
The Sizes of Cells and Their Components
- Cells are typically measured in micrometers(µm) or nanometers(nm).
- Cell size is limited by the volume of cytoplasm that can be supported by the nuclear genes, nutrient exchange, and diffusion rates.
Viruses and Viroids
- Viruses are pathogens (disease-causing agents) requiring a host cell for reproduction.
- A virion is a virus particle outside living cells. A virion includes genetic material plus protein subunits(capsids). Some viruses are membrane-bound.
- Viruses that infect bacteria are called bacteriophages, displaying complex life cycles.
- Viroids are pathogens composed of a small naked RNA molecule interrupting gene expression.
Viral Infection Types
- Lytic infection: the virus forces the host cell to produce more virus particles, destroying the cell in the process, and releasing the new viruses.
- Integration: the virus integrates its DNA (called a provirus) into the host cell's chromosomes.
Green Cells: Volvox, an Experiment in Multicellularity
- Multicellularity originated from single-celled organisms. An example is Volvox, a colonial organism with a spherical group of cells enclosed within a gelatinous matrix.
- Volvox and similar organisms evolved from unicellular green algae.
Engineering Linkage: Tissue Engineering
- Biocompatibility is essential for artificial/synthetic organ development.
- Creating organs and tissues from living cells enhances biocompatibility.
- Two strategies are used: tissue engineering where cells are grown in 3D culture and organoid development where cells self-assemble into 3D aggregates.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of cells, from their discovery to the microscopes that made them visible. This quiz covers key concepts in cell theory and the reductionist approach in understanding biological organisms. Test your knowledge on influential figures in cell biology.
