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Questions and Answers
What are carbohydrates primarily composed of?
What are carbohydrates primarily composed of?
Glucose is not essential for the nervous tissue and red blood cells.
Glucose is not essential for the nervous tissue and red blood cells.
False
Name two types of polysaccharides.
Name two types of polysaccharides.
Glycogen and starch
Cellulose is a __________ that provides structural support in plant cell walls.
Cellulose is a __________ that provides structural support in plant cell walls.
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Match the carbohydrate type with its description:
Match the carbohydrate type with its description:
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Which of the following is a function of carbohydrates?
Which of the following is a function of carbohydrates?
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Reducing sugars cannot act as reducing agents.
Reducing sugars cannot act as reducing agents.
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What is the general molecular formula for carbohydrates?
What is the general molecular formula for carbohydrates?
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Cellulose-based water filters are __________ and cost-effective.
Cellulose-based water filters are __________ and cost-effective.
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Which carbohydrate is part of DNA structure?
Which carbohydrate is part of DNA structure?
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Study Notes
Carbohydrates Introduction
- Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, and fibers found in fruits, grains, vegetables, and milk products.
- They are the main energy source for the body.
- Chemically, they consist primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- They are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or compounds yielding these upon hydrolysis.
- Formed in plants through photosynthesis from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight.
- Examples include cane sugar, glucose, and starch.
Carbohydrate Functions
- Used for energy storage and production (starch in plants, glycogen in animals).
- Glucose is crucial for nervous tissue and red blood cells.
- Ribose and deoxyribose are components of RNA and DNA structures.
- Serve as structural elements (e.g., cellulose in plant cell walls, chitin in arthropod exoskeletons).
Carbohydrate Classification
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Monosaccharides: Simplest form, polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones.
- Example of aldose: Glucose
- Example of ketose: Fructose
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Disaccharides: Formed by two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond.
- Classified as reducing or non-reducing sugars.
Oligosaccharides & Polysaccharides
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Oligosaccharides: Composed of 3-10 monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds.
- Occur as glycoconjugates (e.g., glycoproteins, glycolipids).
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Polysaccharides: Composed of more than 10 monosaccharides.
- Serve as storage molecules (e.g., glycogen, starch) and structural support (e.g., cellulose).
- Classified as homopolysaccharides or heteropolysaccharides.
Reducing and Non-reducing Sugars
- Classified based on their ability to act as reducing agents.
Industrial Applications of Carbohydrates
- Food and Beverage: Used as sweeteners, thickeners, and stabilizers.
- Pharmaceuticals: Act as excipients to improve drug stability and bioavailability.
- Cosmetics: Provide hydration in products like moisturizers and shampoos.
- Biotechnology: Used in biodegradable plastics and biofuels.
- Research: Serve as tools in immunology, virology, and cellular biology.
Cellulose-Based Water Filters
- Made from cellulose, a natural polymer from plant cell walls.
- Biodegradable, cost-effective, and renewable.
- Properties include high porosity, good mechanical strength, and chemical resistance.
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)
- Biodegradable and produced by microorganisms.
- Made from renewable resources like sugar and cornstarch.
- Used in packaging, medical devices, textiles, and automotive parts.
Polylactic Acid (PLA)
- Made from natural resources like corn starch.
- Biodegradable under industrial composting conditions.
- Used in packaging, 3D printing, and various engineering applications.
Engineering Applications of PHA and PLA Bioplastics
- Used in automotive, electronic devices, aerospace, sporting goods, and medical equipment.
- Emphasis on biodegradability and suitability for sustainable solutions.
Limitations of Cellulose-Based Water Filters
- Low resistance to high temperatures.
- Limited filtration efficiency for heavy metals.
- Potential clogging and difficulty in sterilization.
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Description
This quiz explores the essential aspects of carbohydrates, including their classification, functions, and chemical composition. Learn how these compounds serve as energy sources and structural elements in living organisms. Test your knowledge on monosaccharides, starches, and their role in biological processes.
