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Questions and Answers
What is the significance of Latin in anatomical terminology?
Latin provides a universal language that ensures consistency and clarity in anatomical nomenclature across different languages.
Name one recommended textbook for an introduction to anatomy.
Gray’s Anatomy for Students is a recommended textbook.
List two systems covered in the anatomy lectures.
The Musculoskeletal system and the nervous system are covered in the lectures.
What is one type of resource for studying detailed anatomical images?
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What topic is scheduled for consolidation week in the anatomy course?
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What are the distinguishing features of the anatomical position?
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Differentiate between 'medial' and 'lateral' in anatomical terms.
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Explain the significance of the transverse plane in anatomy.
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What is the difference between distal and proximal positions regarding limb anatomy?
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How does the anterior position compare to the posterior position?
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Explain the difference between flexion and extension in terms of joint movement.
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Describe what happens during abduction and adduction of a limb.
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Differentiate between internal rotation and external rotation.
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What are the definitions of pronation and supination concerning forearm orientation?
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How is flexion movement characterized in relation to the angle between two body parts?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Anatomy
- This course is BMD113, taught by Dr Ian Jenkins, the Deputy Director of Anatomy at Queen Mary University of London (QMUL).
- You can contact Dr Jenkins at [email protected]
Lecture List
- The course covers 12 topics:
- Introduction to anatomy and anatomical history
- The Musculoskeletal system
- Introduction to the nervous system
- The Skull, dental anatomy, and head injury
- Cranial nerves
- Introduction to the circulatory system and the lymphatic system
- Consolidation week
- Anatomy of the heart and lungs
- The Digestive System
- The Peritoneum and endocrine organs
- The Urogenital System
- Introduction to embryology and review
Recommended Textbooks
- Any good anatomy textbook will suffice, even second-hand editions, as long as they are relatively new.
- You can access online versions through the QM Library.
- Suggested textbooks:
- Gray’s Anatomy for Students by Drake, Vogl, & Mitchell
- McMinn’s and Abrahams’ by Gosling et al 6th Edition
- Rohen 8th Edition
Anatomy Atlas
- Anatomy atlases with cadaver photos are recommended for visual learning:
- McMinn’s and Abrahams’ by Gosling et al 6th Edition
- Rohen 8th Edition
The Language of Anatomy
- Latin is still used in anatomy.
Anatomical Position
- The anatomical position is a standardized reference point for describing anatomical features and movements.
- It is described as:
- Body erect
- Face forward
- Feet slightly apart
- Palms facing forward
- Thumbs point away from the body
Anatomical Terms
- There are a set of specific terms used to describe the relative positions of body parts:
- Anterior or ventral: At or near the front surface of the body.
- Posterior or dorsal: At or near the rear surface of the body.
- Superior or cranial: Above.
- Inferior or caudal: Below.
- Lateral: Side (away from the center) of the body.
- Medial: Side (toward the center) of the body.
- Distal: Farthest from the center.
- Proximal: Nearest to the center.
Anatomical Planes
- Three main planes are used to divide the body:
-
Sagittal plane: Divides the body into right and left halves.
- Mid-sagittal (or median plane): Passes through the midline, dividing the body into equal halves.
- Parasagittal: Any plane parallel to the mid-sagittal plane.
- Coronal (or frontal) plane: Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections.
- Transverse (or axial) plane: Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections.
-
Sagittal plane: Divides the body into right and left halves.
Anatomical Planes and Medical Imaging
- Knowledge of anatomical planes is crucial in understanding medical imaging techniques such as:
- Sonography (ultrasound)
- CT scans
- MRI scans
- PET scans
Movements
- There are specific terms used to describe different types of movements:
-
Flexion/Extension:
- Flexion reduces the angle between two body parts.
- Extension increases the angle between two body parts.
-
Abduction/Adduction:
- Abduction moves a body part away from the midline.
- Adduction moves a body part towards the midline.
-
Internal rotation/External rotation:
- Internal rotation rotates a body part towards the midline.
- External rotation rotates a body part away from the midline.
-
Pronation/Supination:
- Supination holds the forearm in the anatomical position (palm forward).
- Pronation rotates the forearm so the palm faces backward or downward.
-
Plantarflexion/Dorsiflexion:
- Plantarflexion is a downward movement of the foot.
- Dorsiflexion is an upward movement of the foot.
-
Inversion/Eversion:
- Inversion is an inward rotation of the foot, elevating the medial border.
- Eversion is the opposite movement, elevating the lateral border.
-
Flexion/Extension:
A Brief History of Anatomy
- The study of anatomy evolved from ancient times.
Ancient Egypt (3000-2500 BC)
- Anatomy began to emerge as a science in ancient Egypt.
Ancient Greece (460 BC)
- Hippocrates recognized the importance of the body in medicine and stated, "The nature of the body is the beginning of medical science."
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
- Aristotle first used the term “anatome" which means cutting up or taking apart.
The Alexandrian Medical School (c. 300 BC)
- One of the greatest medical schools in history, a major center for anatomy.
- Herophilos (335–280 BC) is considered the "Father of Anatomy."
- Erasistratos (304 – c. 250 BC) worked alongside Herophilos and together they established the practice of anatomy.
Galen (129-200 AD)
- Dissected animals but avoided dissecting human bodies due to Christian ideology.
The Middle Ages
- The Church rejected the dissection of human corpses, limiting anatomical study.
- Teaching relied mainly on lectures from Galen's works, without verification through actual dissections.
- This changed in the 12th and 13th centuries.
Bologna (1315)
- The first public dissection in centuries was performed by Mondino Dei Luizzi in January 1315.
- The subject was likely an executed criminal.
- This marked the return of anatomical dissection in Europe.
Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519)
- An artist, engineer, and anatomist who conducted his own research, challenging Galen's teachings.
- He made groundbreaking observations, such as describing the valves of the heart.
Anatomy and Art (Renaissance)
- The Renaissance era shifted the view of the human body from a frail housing for the soul to a source of beauty and inspiration for artists.
- Many Renaissance artists, driven by artistic passion, started studying the human body.
Vesalius (1514-1564)
- Considered the "Father of Modern Anatomy"
- Challenged Galen by conducting meticulous dissections and publishing detailed anatomical illustrations.
Anatomical Theaters (17th Century)
- Interest in anatomy soared.
- Anatomical theaters were built in various cities to accommodate the growing public interest in seeing the human body.
- The word "autopsy" comes from the Greek phrase meaning "to see with one's own eyes."
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Description
This quiz is designed for the BMD113 Introduction to Anatomy course, covering essential topics such as the musculoskeletal system, nervous system, and more. It will test your knowledge of anatomical structures and systems, helping you prepare for future learning in anatomy.
