Introduction to Anatomy (BMD113) PDF

Introduction to Anatomy (BMD113) Dr Ian Jenkins Deputy Director of Anatomy [email protected] ‹#›  Lecture list 1. Introduction to anatomy and anatomical history 2. The Musculoskeletal system 3. Introduction to the...

Introduction to Anatomy (BMD113) Dr Ian Jenkins Deputy Director of Anatomy [email protected] ‹#›  Lecture list 1. Introduction to anatomy and anatomical history 2. The Musculoskeletal system 3. Introduction to the nervous system 4. The Skull, dental anatomy, and head injury 5. Cranial nerves 6. Introduction to the circulatory system and the lymphatic system 7. Consolidation week 8. Anatomy of the heart and lungs 9. The Digestive System 10. The Peritoneum and endocrine organs 11. The Urogenital System 12. Introduction to embryology and review ‹#›  Recommended textbooks Gray’s Anatomy for Students Drake, Vogl, & Mitchell Any good anatomy textbook will do, and it doesn’t matter if it’s second hand (as long as it is newish). Actual copy or online version via QM Library ‹#›  Anatomy Atlas (cadaver photos) McMinn’s and Abrahams’ Gosling et al 6th Edition Rohen 8th Edition ‹#› The Language of Anatomy ‹#› Why do we still use LATIN LANGUAGE? ‹#›  Body erect Face forward Feet slightly apart Palms facing forward Thumbs point away from the body ‹#›  Anatomical terms Word Meaning Example Anterior or ventral At or near the front surface of the body Anterior nerves ( l} ack ) Posterior or dorsal At or near the real surface of the body Dorsal surface of the hand Superior or cranial Above Superior (cranial) aspect Inferior or caudal Below Inferior (caudal) aspect Lateral Side away from the centre Lateral aspect Medial / Side toward the certre of 9he body Medial aspect Distal Farthest from center Axons distal to the injury Proximal Nearest to center Proximal end of the forearm ‹#› ‹#›  Anatomical planes Mid-sagittal Parasagittal (or median 旁迅入 plane) Coronal Sagittal 左右前後 : Transverse 上下 ‹#›  Where do we use knowledge about anatomical planes? Sonography /G cans RIscans / PET scans lolfraround ) 組) ‹#› 月 Extension : incredses theangle Movements Cnabelucion becxtasion ? betwentwo body parts Flexion/Extension Abduction/Adduction Flexion reduces the angle of a joint Abduction is moving away from the midline → Extension increases the angle of a joint FlexioniMovementthat dereases the ngle Adduction is moving towards the midline ∠ between 2 body parts ‹#›  Movements Internal rotation/External rotation Pronation/Supination Internal rotation is rotating towards the midline Supination is holding the forearm in the anatomical position 的 Paln forwarl or upward External rotation is rotation away from the midline Pronation is twisting the radius over the ulna Pronaion : rotaion of hnd nd forearn so the ( 前臂 ? ‹#› Palu face backward or downward  皆 底 Palmar surface Dorsum 掌 背 ‹#›  Movements down OP Plantarflexion/Dorsiflexion Inversion/Eversion ( 內緣 Plantarflexion is downward movement of the foot Inversion inward rotation of the foot whereby the medial border is elevated Eversion opposite movement whereby the lateral border is elevated Dorsiflexion is upward movement of the foot ( 外緣 ] # ‹#› 高 高 A brief history of anatomy ‹#› ① Egypt 3000-2500 BC Anatomy as a science came to birth in Ancient Egypt ‹#› ② Greece 460 BC “The nature of the body is the beginning of medical science” ‹#›  ③ Aristotle 384-322 BC anatome utingup / tallingapart First to use the term “anatome” a Greek word meaning cutting up or taking apart u ‹#› 长 c. 300 BC: The Alexandrian Medical School. One of the greatest medical schools in history. And one of the greatest and most important centres for anatomy in history. ④ Herophilos (335–280 BC), sometimes Latinised Herophilus, was a Greek physician regarded as one of the earliest anatomists. Considered the ‘Father of Anatomy’. 當代的 ) His contemporary, Erasistratos (304 – c. 250 BC) was a Greek anatomist and royal physician. Together they found the practice of anatomy/ ‹#› ⑤ Galen: 129-200AD Dissections on human bodies were forbidden, but he also avoided them due to the Christian ideology that he had embraced. ‹#›  Middle ages After the downfall of the Roman empire, Christianity was widespread in Europe. Although anatomy was not officially banned by the Church, social authorities rejected the dissection of human corpses until the 12th and even 13th centuries. Teaching consists primarily of lectures from the canonical works of Galen—without verification through actual dissections ‹#›  地名 Bologna 1315: the first dissection for centuries: 屍休 The dissection of human cadavers was a hallmark of the Alexandrian school, but this 龘 declined after 200 A.D. due to legal and religious proscriptions. These bans were eventually lifted, allowing Mondino Dei Luizzi to perform his first public ⑦ dissection in Bologna in January 1315 in the presence of medical students and other spectators; the subject was mostly likely an executed criminal. ‹#› R e ‹#› n Da Vinci 1452-1519 Artist, engineer, and highly skilled anatomist, who did not take Galen’s text as gospel but did his own research. ‹#› Da Vinci and the valves of the heart! ‹#›  ANATOMY & ART ⑧ LEONARDO DA VINCI In medieval times, the body was 变 seen as the frail housing of the soul. During the Renaissance, 復 however, the human body was 興 exalted for its beauty and becomes the primary source of inspiration for artists of this epoch. For the sake of art, many Renaissance artists began studying the human body. ‹#›  Vesalius 1514 – 1564 Father of modern anatomy ‹#›  ANATOMICAL THEATERS 17TH CENTURY Artistic passion inspires the anatomists of the Renaissance, and interest in anatomy grows among the masses. More and more, physicians, as well as the general public, want to see the human body with their own eyes. The word “autopsy” hails from the Greek phrase, “To see with one’s own eyes”. Anatomical theaters are built in many cities. Rich and poor alike would flock to the public dissection presentations. ANATOMICAL THEATER OF THE 18TH CENTURY AT HUMAN ANATOMY DEPARTMENT OF KHARKIV NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, UKRAINE ‹#› Murder Act 1752 Company of Surgeons in London was obliged to conduct public dissections of convicted murders, and to expose the corpse to general view. Demand for bodies was around 500 per year Approx’ 55 hangings conducted. ‹#›  ⑧ Burke and Hare murders 1828 Dig up and sell fresh cadavers to the anatomists and surgeons in Edinburgh. But then go on to murder 16 people over a ten-month period in 1828. Also admitted to stealing between 500 and 1000 bodies in this manner over a twelve-year period. ‹#›  The Anatomy Acts 1832 and 1971: & 法律 Are Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom that gave free license to doctors, teachers of anatomy, and medical students to dissect donated bodies It was enacted in response to public revulsion at the illegal 天 trade in corpses; especially in the aftermath of the 1828 Burke and Hare case. 竣 ( 眾厭怒 ) ‹#›  150 years later… The key pieces of legislation were the Anatomy Act 1984 which enabled people to donate their bodies for anatomical examination, the Human Tissue Act 1961 which governed removal and retention of organs after a post-mortem, and the Coroners Act 1988. 死部檢 ‹#› Alder Hay scandal 1988-1996 of humnissue chridven s UnGuthorised removal , vetenion , mcl disposal including , ' 19 ab organ during. te Beiod 19 h - ‹#›  Human Tissue Act 2004 The Human Tissue Act 2004 (HT Act) covers England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The HT Act established the Human Tissue Authority (HTA) to regulate activities concerning the removal, storage, use, and disposal of human tissue. ‹#› Digitalization of anatomy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fbfLqdhgOW4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HzLszH2jfic ‹#› RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY – the modern approach. Anatomical expertise is crucial for radiologist to be able to interpret the structures seen using modern imaging modalities. ‹#›  An Anatomy Lab’: Anatomy laboratories are extremely, highly restricted areas! Very, very few people are allowed in. Access is a great and special privilege, a cherished and unique experience! ‹#›  Thank you for your attention ‹#›