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Questions and Answers
According to the provided material, what is the scheduled duration of the exam?
According to the provided material, what is the scheduled duration of the exam?
What is the original Greek word that 'anatomy' is derived from?
What is the original Greek word that 'anatomy' is derived from?
Which of the following best describes 'gross anatomy'?
Which of the following best describes 'gross anatomy'?
When was the first attempt made to standardize anatomical nomenclature?
When was the first attempt made to standardize anatomical nomenclature?
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Besides the provided link to 'plus.orbis-oldenburg.de', what other resource is mentioned for additional information?
Besides the provided link to 'plus.orbis-oldenburg.de', what other resource is mentioned for additional information?
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Which topic is covered in the first lecture (VL1)?
Which topic is covered in the first lecture (VL1)?
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On which date is the Focus Musculoskeletal system seminar?
On which date is the Focus Musculoskeletal system seminar?
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Which body system is the focus of the lecture on 18.2?
Which body system is the focus of the lecture on 18.2?
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What is the main topic of the seminar at location A03 0-001/0-002 on 31st of January?
What is the main topic of the seminar at location A03 0-001/0-002 on 31st of January?
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How many points are required to pass the oral examination?
How many points are required to pass the oral examination?
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Which of these locations is not a listed location for a lecture?
Which of these locations is not a listed location for a lecture?
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What is the primary focus of the lecture on 28.1?
What is the primary focus of the lecture on 28.1?
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The seminar on 20.2 covers lectures with which topics?
The seminar on 20.2 covers lectures with which topics?
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Flashcards
Anatomy
Anatomy
The study of the structure of living organisms, focusing on the identification and description of body parts.
Gross Anatomy
Gross Anatomy
The study of body structures large enough to be seen without a microscope.
Microscopic Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy
The study of body structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. It requires a microscope.
What is Anatomy?
What is Anatomy?
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What is the topic of the first lecture?
What is the topic of the first lecture?
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What is the musculoskeletal system?
What is the musculoskeletal system?
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When is the lecture on the musculoskeletal system?
When is the lecture on the musculoskeletal system?
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What is the seminar on January 16, 2025, about?
What is the seminar on January 16, 2025, about?
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What is the thoracic cavity?
What is the thoracic cavity?
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When does the lecture about the respiratory system take place?
When does the lecture about the respiratory system take place?
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When will the lecture on the circulatory system take place?
When will the lecture on the circulatory system take place?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Anatomy 1
- The course is for the winter term of 2024/2025
- The course instructor is Dr. Esther C. Maier
- Contact information for the instructor is provided
- The course materials are for personal use only and cannot be shared with others
- The course material is copyrighted
Course Structure and Topics
- A schedule for lectures, seminars, and exams is outlined
- Some seminars are cancelled
- The course will include topics on musculoskeletal systems, thoracic cavity, circulatory system, lymphatic systems, abdomen, digestive system, retroperitoneum, pelvis, urogenital system
- There are a combination of lectures/seminars and an exam in the course
- The exam will be an oral exam with each student answering 4 questions for a total score of 6, minimum 3, required to pass
- Free learning time will be scheduled before the exam
Literature and Resources
- Essential clinical anatomy (Keith L. Moore; Anne M. R. Agur; Arthur F. Dalley) 5th edition is recommended
- Atlas of anatomy (Anne M Gilroy; Michael Schünke; Markus Voll) 2nd edition is recommended
- Online self-testing tool is available at www.winkingskull.com
- Additional resources for further study are available
Other Sources of Information
- A database of relevant information is provided (https://dbis.ur.de/dbinfo/dbliste.php?bib_id=ubol&colors=7&ocolors=40&lett=f&gebiete=8)
- Databases such as AMBOSS, Human Anatomy Atlas/Visible Body, Pschyrembel Online, and 3D4Medical Complete Anatomy, Deximed are mentioned
Student Access to Resources
- A complete anatomy program is offered with a free demo version
- Activation code for students is provided
Anatomy
- Anatomy is derived from the Greek word "anatemnein" meaning to "cut apart/dissect".
- It is the identification and description of the structure of living things.
- Gross anatomy is the study of larger body components without the aid of a magnifying lens.
- Microscopic anatomy is the study of structures requiring a magnifying lens.
Terminologia Anatomica
- This is the standard anatomical nomenclature
- The first effort was made in 1887, and further updated, to standardize nomenclature
- ~50,000 anatomical names, reduced to 5,528 in 1895.
- The Terminologia Anatomica was published in 1998 and has the latest updates online since 2011 with approximately 7,500 standard terms
Regional Subdivision
- List of regions of the human body: Head (Caput), Neck (Collum), Trunk (Thorax), Abdomen, Pelvis, Lower limbs
Terms of Location and Direction
- Directions such as right, left, anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, etc. are all relative to the patient
Orientation in Anatomy
- Cardinal planes and axes are important terms defined for easier understanding of virtual planes in radiology and movement
Terms of Location and Direction: Upper Body, Neck, and Trunk
- Definitions for several spatial relationships for anatomy are outlined including superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, etc
- Definitions for specific locations like apical, basal, axial, transverse, longitudinal horizontal, vertical and more anatomical descriptors
Terms of Location and Direction: Limbs
- Terms are listed for describing limbs, such as proximal, distal, radial, ulnar, tibial, fibular, palmar, volar, and dorsal
Example 1: Blood Vessels in the Head or Brain
- Names of blood vessels in the head/brain are presented
Example 2: Regional Anatomy of the Neck
- Structures of the neck (glands, nerves, veins, arteries, thyroid gland, trachea) are presented
Cardinal Planes in the Human Body
- Horizontal/Transverse/Axial: A plane running horizontally through the body
- Coronal/Frontal: A plane dividing the body into front and back portions.
- Sagittal: A plane that creates right and left portions
Cardinal Planes and Axes in the Human Body
- Definitions for the three cardinal planes (horizontal, sagittal, coronal) and axes (longitudinal, sagittal, transverse) in the human body are presented
Which Cardinal Planes?
- Images of the human head in different cardinal planes are presented
Radiographic Planes
- Axial plane: The view in the medical imaging is always from caudal to cranial into the body. Coronal plane = Frontal plane, Sagittal plane = Sagittal plane, Axial plane = Transverse plane
Musculoskeletal System Part 1
- The musculoskeletal system provides our bodies with movement, stability, shape, and support
- The musculoskeletal system is comprised of the skeleton (bones), and the connection of bones of joints and ligaments and the skeletal muscles.
Bones
- The human skeleton includes 223 bones (95 pairs) and approximately 350 bones in a newborn
The ECM in Bone
- Bone is composed of 45–70% inorganic matrix (hydroxyapatite crystals), 30–35% organic matrix (proteoglycans, osteocalcin, osteonektin, osteopontin, and type 1 collagen fibers), and 25% water.
Bone Tissue
- Bone tissue comprises organic components (cells and collagen fibers) and inorganic components (hydroxyapatite).
Bone: Example of Demineralized Bone
- Images of demineralized bones are shown
The Primordial Skeleton and Bone Formation
- Two modes of bone formation (osteogenesis) are presented: endochondral ossification (cartilage replacement) and intramembranous ossification (mesenchymal cell transformation).
- Key periods of development of the skeleton are presented
Developmental Bone Disorders
- Dysostoses: Disorders of defined skeletal elements
- Dysplasias: Disorders affecting cartilage and bone.
- Dysostoplasias: Caused by mutations in genes affecting early bone development
Example: Cleidocranial Dysostosis (CCD)
- A genetic disorder affecting intramembranous ossification, impacting the skull and collarbone(clavicle).
- Related to RUNX2 gene mutation.
Time Scale of Prenatal Skeletal Development
- Prenatal bone development begins around week 6.
- Cartilaginous framework develops, then bone collars appear exterior to the cartilage, and centers of ossification in epiphyseal plates form around the time of birth
- Epiphyseal plate closure takes place later in life
Enchondral Ossification of a Long Bone
- Stages of endochondral ossification in a long bone are illustrated: starting from cartilage with chondroblasts, mineralization, and eventual replacement with bone tissue.
X-ray: Adult and Child
- X-rays of adult and child hands are presented to show differences in development.
The First Bone to Be Formed
- Immature woven bone (fiber bone) is initially formed through interwoven collagen fibers in an irregular arrangement
- Mature lamellar bone has orderly layers of collagen fibers.
Bone Remodeling
- Bone remodeling is driven by mechanical forces: immature bone transforms into mature bone in response to stresses such as increasing body weight.
Bone Tissue in the Adult
- Adult bone is composed of compact bone (dense bone) and spongy bone (cancellous bone)
Forces Acting on Bone
- Bending leads to compressive and tensile forces. Compressive forces are on one side of the bone and tensile forces on the other
Trabeculae in the Cancellous Bone
- Trabecular network in spongy bone (cancellous bone) reduces weight and density
- Trabeculae are aligned to transfer stresses from the surface of the bone in response to compression or tension
Arrangement of Tension and Compression Trabeculae in the Femur Neck
- Diagrams of trabeculae arrangement illustrating tension and compression stresses within the femur neck are presented
- Diagram of the femoral neck angle in diagram and in x-ray images, showing coxa vara, and coxa valga conditions.
Bone is Alive
- Bone is a living tissue that constantly undergoes remodeling
Alterations in Bone Composition
- Conditions affecting total bone mass (osteoporosis).
- Conditions affecting bone mineralization (rickets, osteomalacia).
- Conditions affecting collagen fibers (osteogenesis imperfecta).
Juncturae:
- Juncturae are the regions of the skeleton where two or more bones come together and articulate
- They facilitate movement and allow skeletal growth.
Juncturae Ossium (joints)
- The two main types of joints are synarthroses (false joints) with no joint space, and diarthroses (true joints) with a joint space that is filled with synovial fluid. Synarthroses are divided into fibrous, cartilaginous and bony joints.
Diarthroses ("true joints")
- Types of diarthroses and their characteristics are presented in further detail. Examples such as hinge, ball-and-socket, ellipsoidal etc joints are included, and their relative range of motion
Diarthroses: the Joint Space
- Structures of the joint space (ex. cartilage, joint cavity) are discussed
Diarthroses
- Proximal and distal articulating bones
Synovial Fluid
- Synovial fluid is a blood plasma dialysate with hyaluronic acid. This fluid cushions, lubricates, and nourishes the cartilage in a synovial joint
Additional Structures Associated with the Function of Synovial Joints
- Intra-articular structure, ligaments, bursae
Intra-articular Support Structures of Synovial Joints
- Intra-articular structures, located inside the synovial cavity, improve joint congruency, increase force-absorbing surfaces, and ensure stability and function
Example: Menisci in the Knee Joint
- Menisci in the knee joint increase the force-transmitting surface, balance incongruences, and reduce compression forces on joint cartilage.
The Joint Ligaments (Ligamentum Articulare)
- Ligaments are part of the joint capsule and stabilize and guide the joint
Synovial Bursae
- Bursae are small fluid sacs that ease movement between muscles, ligaments, and bones.
Bursitis: Inflammation of a Bursa
- Inflammation of a bursa, resulting from excessive use or stress
Classification of Synovial Joints
- The classification is based on the shape of articulating surfaces and the range of movements/axes of motion.
Diarthroses (Articulations): Types of Joints
- List of classifications of synovial joints (ex hinge, pivot, ellipsoidal, ball-and-socket, saddle, plane joints)
Joint Mechanics: Stability
- Bones, ligaments, and muscles help to stabilize joints, with combinations in differing positions.
Movement
- Muscles of the arm shown with example of flexion of the elbow
Muscles
- The main types of muscles and their general characteristics are presented
Functions of Skeletal Muscle
- Summary of the functions of skeletal muscles.
What is Muscle Tissue?
- Muscles are contractile tissues that are responsible for movement. The three main types of muscles are skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the key aspects of the anatomy course including exam duration, terminology, and lecture topics. This quiz covers both general concepts and specific details about the provided course material.
