Anatomy Course Overview Week 3

Anatomy Course Overview

• Course Code and Name: ANATOMY (BEY 141-E)
• Instructor: Dr. Nasir Mustafa
• Contact: [email protected]
• Course Length: 14 weeks
• Assessment: Assignments, MCQs, attendance, and quizzes

Course Structure

• Course Content: Introduces anatomy & its key concepts, explores locomotory system (bones, joints, muscles), nervous system, circulatory system, and respiratory system.
• Midterm Exam: at the end of week 8
• Final Exam: at the end of week 14

Weekly Learning Outcomes (Week 3)

• Understanding the significance of anatomy in studying the human body
• Classifying bones into categories: long, short, flat, and irregular
• Describing the macroscopic structure of a typical long bone
• Learning the microscopic structure of bone, roles of osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts
• Explaining the key functions of bones, such as support, protection, and blood cell formation
• Learning about bone formation, including intramembranous and endochondral ossification
• Understanding bone remodeling and healing after fractures

Bones

• Bones are rigid structures that provide support, protection, mineral storage, blood cell production, and aid in movement.
• Bones are made of a tough outer layer (compact bone) and a spongy inner layer (spongy bone).

The Human Skeletal System

• Consists of 206 bones, joints, and cartilage.
• Provides structural support, protects organs, enables movement, and stores minerals.
• Divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage) and the appendicular skeleton (limbs and girdles).

The Axial Skeleton

• Consists of 80 bones forming the central axis of the body.
• Skull: Cranium and facial bones.
• Vertebral column: Cervical, thoracic, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx.
• Thoracic cage: 12 pairs of ribs and sternum.

The Appendicular Skeleton

• Consists of 126 bones involved in movement and limb support.
• Pectoral girdle: Clavicles and scapulae.
• Upper limbs: Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
• Pelvic girdle: Hip bones.
• Lower limbs: Femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges

Ribs

• There are 12 pairs of ribs, each terminating anteriorly with a costal cartilage.
• True Ribs: The upper seven pairs articulate directly with the sternum.
• False Ribs: The lower five pairs do not articulate directly with the sternum.

Clavicle

• A long bone, S-shaped, supporting the shoulder and transmitting limb weight to the sternum.
• Medial end: Articulates with the sternum.
• Lateral end: Articulates with the acromion of the scapula.
• Surfaces: Superior (smooth, muscle attachments) and inferior (rougher, tuberosities, grooves).
• Borders: Anterior (muscle attachments) and posterior (conoid tubercle, trapezoid line).

Ulna

• A long bone in the forearm, articulating with the humerus at the elbow joint and with the radius at both the proximal and distal radioulnar joints
• Supinator Crest: A ridge that provides attachment for the supinator muscle.
• Nightstick Fracture: A fracture of the midshaft of the ulna.

Carpal Bones (Wrist Bones)

• These bones allow complex wrist movements (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction).
• Form articulations with the metacarpal bones of the hand and the bones of the forearm (radius).
• Proximal row: Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform.
• Distal row: Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate.

Metacarpals (Bones of the hand)

• There are five metacarpals in each hand.
• Each metacarpal has a base, body, and head.
• Base (proximal): Articulates with the distal row of carpal bones.
• Head (distal): Articulates with the proximal phalanges.

Phalanges (Finger Bones)

• Each digit has three phalanges: proximal, middle, and distal (except for the thumb, which has two).
• Each phalanx has a base, body, and head.
• Decrease in size from proximal to distal.

Carpal Tunnel

• The carpal bones form an arch, and the flexor retinaculum (a ligament) converts this arch into a tunnel.
• The tendons of long flexor muscles and the median nerve pass through this tunnel.
• Compression of the median nerve can cause pain and wasting of the thenar muscles.

Teaching Methods and Techniques

• Lectures: Traditional delivery of large amounts of content efficiently
• ** Presentations:** Interactive sessions with discussion and hands-on practice
• Group Projects: Collaborative work encouraging teamwork and application of concepts
• Problem-Based Learning (PBL): Students work on complex, real-world problems, developing critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
• Flipped Classroom: Students review lecture material at home and engage in interactive activities during class time.
• Online Learning Modules: Use of digital platforms for flexible learning, quizzes, and interactive activities
• Assessments & Feedback: Regular evaluation through quizzes, exams, and assignments with constructive feedback.

Explore the essential concepts of anatomy, focusing on the classification of bones and their significance in the human body. This week emphasizes the structure and functions of long bones, as well as the roles of different bone cells in formation and maintenance. Prepare to deepen your understanding of skeletal anatomy and its vital functions.