International Trade and Agreements Quiz

<p>There was historically no prohibition concerning anti-trust law in Switzerland. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A specific anti-trust regulation prohibiting certain agreements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide an institutional framework for applying GATTs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has its own dispute settlement procedures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By being created solely from international treaties. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a sovereign entity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases in tariffs imposed by member states. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The creation of an institutional body to oversee its application. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The WTO is an international organization and not a state. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The establishment of the WTO to facilitate international trade. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure compliance with the rules of professional conduct. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lawyers might not represent clients independently if affiliated with certain organizations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serving as a statutory auditor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conflict of interests. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The proper practice of the legal profession. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They complicate the practice of law. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To uphold the integrity of legal advice. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strict adherence to client confidentiality. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>National security (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Article 42 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A conflict of interest between accountants and lawyers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lawyers and accountants could not provide services in the same corporation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Article 106.2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It highlighted conflicts between legal and accounting obligations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-discrimination in economic activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Restricting trade among member states (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was a violation of the Lisbon Treaty (art. 34). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can be considered measures equivalent to quantitative restrictions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The means of proof should not hinder trade excessively. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A certificate of state of origin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows Member States to act only if they follow reasonable means. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They could potentially hinder trade and are equivalent to restrictions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A Member State can establish measures but must ensure they are not burdensome. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The accessibility of the means of proof required. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Establishing hard conditions for suppliers to prevent a competitor's success (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure effective protection against unfair competition practices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acts creating confusion with a competitor's goods or services (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Harmonization of laws across nations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1883 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They lack sufficient procedures for assessment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preventing another supermarket from thriving (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using pricing strategies that undermine competitors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Agreements between companies that aim to restrict, prevent or distort competition are prohibited.

Agreements made in violation of anti-trust laws are automatically void and unenforceable.

EU law applies even to agreements made under the laws of a different country, if those agreements violate EU anti-trust rules.

Agreements that violate EU anti-trust rules are considered void even if they are valid under the laws of the country where they were made.

Agreements made under Swiss law may be void under EU law if they violate EU anti-trust rules.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the primary international organization governing global trade. It's responsible for establishing rules, negotiating trade agreements, and resolving trade disputes between countries.

The WTO emerged from the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1995. It provides a framework for international trade agreements and dispute resolution.

The WTO is based on international treaties that cover a wide range of trade matters, including agriculture, telecommunications, and intellectual property rights.

The WTO's dispute settlement system helps countries resolve trade disagreements through consultations and legal rulings. It ensures that trade disputes are addressed fairly and according to agreed-upon rules.

The WTO is an intergovernmental organization, meaning it's made up of member countries that collaborate and make decisions. It's not a state or a sovereign entity.

The WTO's legal basis lies in international treaties, which means that it's subject to international law.

The WTO's rules are designed to promote free trade and prevent discrimination between countries. It aims to create a level playing field for all participating nations.

The WTO's decisions, like any international law, are only binding on its member countries. Non-member countries are not subject to its rulings.

Any trading regulation enacted by a member state that hinders, even potentially, cross-border trade within the EU.

An official document that verifies a product's origin, usually from a specific region or country, like Scotch whisky from Scotland.

A legal principle that limits the ability of member states to restrict trade between themselves within the European Union.

A treaty that establishes the legal framework for the European Union, focusing on cooperation and integration among member states.

A legal provision in the Lisbon Treaty which prohibits member states from imposing quantitative restrictions on imports or exports between other EU Member States.

A legal case that established the concept of MEQRs and expanded the scope of Article 34 of the Lisbon Treaty, prohibiting regulations that hinder free trade within the EU.

A principle that allows member states to regulate certain products, like those labeled with a specific origin (e.g., Champagne from France), when there's no EU-wide system of origin authentication, but these regulations must be reasonable and not hinder trade among EU countries.

The process of establishing consistent rules and standards across all EU member states to regulate a specific area. It helps ensure a single market and harmonized regulations, making it easier to trade goods in the EU.

Article 346 TFEU allows for exceptions to the general rules of competition in the EU, specifically for national security reasons.

Article 42 TFEU allows for exceptions to the general rules of competition in the EU, specifically for agricultural practices.

Article 106.2 TFEU allows for exceptions to the general rules of competition in the EU, specifically for providers of services of general economic interest.

Exceptions to the general competition rules allow for certain sectors or activities to be treated differently, focusing on specific national or public interests.

The case of the Dutch bar association highlighted the conflict of interest between lawyers and accountants, leading to restrictions on their collaboration.

When a corporation acts in a way that distorts the market, it's important to ensure transparency and accountability by examining its economic activities.

The obligations of lawyers are towards their clients, while accountants are subject to scrutiny by authorities, leading to potential conflict in their joint activities.

EU Competition law allows for exceptions to the general rules, which can be used to protect specific sectors or interests. These exceptions include national security, agriculture, and services of general economic interest.

Practices where one company hinders another's entry into the same market.

A type of unfair competition that aims to confuse consumers about the origin or identity of a product or service.

A key principle in international law, prohibiting actions that are contrary to honest practices in business.

The Convention of Paris, signed in 1883, is a major international treaty protecting against unfair competition.

The European Commission (EC) is less concerned with certain types of unfair practices due to their difficulty in assessment.

Acts of competition that are unfair and go against ethical and honest business practices.

A directive from the European Union aimed at harmonizing laws across member countries in regards to unfair competition.

The European Union's initiative to standardize laws on unfair competition, built upon existing international rules.

The 1993 Regulation aims to ensure that lawyers in each EU member state uphold professional conduct standards, respecting local perceptions of the legal profession.

In the Netherlands, the bar association believed that lawyers' ability to give independent advice and maintain confidentiality might be compromised if they are also involved in auditing the financial results of the transactions they advise on.

The Netherlands bar association argued that lawyers must be free to advise clients without conflicts of interest. They believed that being involved in both auditing and advising on the same transactions could create such a conflict.

The 1993 Regulation was considered necessary to ensure proper legal practice in each EU country by regulating the activities of lawyers to maintain the integrity of the legal profession.

The regulation aims to uphold the high standards expected of the legal profession, respecting local traditions and ensuring that lawyers act independently and with proper confidentiality.

The 1993 Regulation addresses concerns about the potential conflict between advising and auditing, ensuring lawyers can act independently and avoid conflicts of interest, protecting client confidentiality.

The Netherlands bar association was worried about the potential impact on lawyer's ability to provide independent and confidential advice to clients.

The 1993 Regulation emphasizes maintaining the integrity and good reputation of the legal profession within each EU member state by ensuring certain professional standards are upheld.