IF text 9 + 11

Unforeseen events or circumstances that can significantly impact the outcome of negotiations.

The use of tactics or strategies designed to gain an advantage during negotiations, often by creating artificial pressure.

A situation where negotiations stall or fail to progress due to a lack of agreement on a key issue.

A reference point or baseline used to calculate future reductions in production or consumption, often used in environmental agreements.

The process of finding mutual understanding and common ground during negotiations.

The process by which a country formally approves and accepts an international agreement, making it legally binding.

A state demonstrates its intention to uphold a treaty by having a representative sign it. This signifies an intention to pursue ratification.

A country joining an existing treaty after its initial signing and ratification by other countries.

An agreement between two countries.

An agreement involving three or more countries.

The act of a state formally withdrawing from a treaty or agreement.

A treaty that focuses on environmental issues, particularly climate change. It aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

A treaty that aims to protect biological diversity and its sustainable use.

A situation where parties to a treaty can agree to renegotiate it at a later date to adjust it to changing circumstances.

A treaty can be completely replaced by a new agreement.

Specific adjustments to a treaty are made, obligating all original parties to comply.

Amendments to a treaty are optional for original parties, who can choose to not participate.

States joining a treaty after amendments are introduced must adhere to the amended version.

The Montreal Protocol demonstrates flexible treaty design, allowing for adjustments based on scientific or technological advancements.

When a treaty's terms are designed to be flexible, allowing changes over time, it is considered flexible.

Uncertainty about future conditions can lead to negotiations that aim to keep options open for future decisions.

The number of countries involved in a negotiation or agreement, often determined by the scope of the issue and its potential impact on global public goods.

Any country can participate in negotiations regarding global public goods, as the benefits extend beyond national boundaries.

The act of joining a treaty or agreement after its initial establishment.

A situation where a country chooses to restrict the number of participants in a negotiation due to factors like limited resources or the nature of the issue.

The agreement to protect polar bears, restricting participation to countries with significant polar bear populations or a stake in their conservation.

Limited participation in an agreement due to the lack of opportunity or interest by excluded parties.

The practice of hunting polar bears for their fur or sport, particularly in international waters where regulations may be less strict.

A type of hunting in which hunters use aircraft to locate and kill polar bears, primarily conducted in international waters.

A method to protect a species from over-exploitation by limiting or prohibiting trade in its parts or products. CITES allows countries to regulate trade in certain species and ensures that trade does not threaten their survival.

The territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles from the coastline of a state. This area is subject to the state's sovereignty and laws.

A sea zone extending up to 200 nautical miles from a country's coastline, within which the state has special rights over the exploration and exploitation of marine resources.

A situation where an international agreement or treaty is negotiated and signed by a small group of nations, but other nations are excluded from participating in the decision-making process despite having an interest in the resource or issue.

The 1959 Antarctic Treaty, which governs activities in Antarctica, was signed by a limited number of nations that were actively researching the area during the International Geophysical Year. Other nations were excluded from the treaty's formation, despite having a stake in the continent's management.

A situation where an agreement is not universally accepted, leaving room for future changes or conflicts.

The process of including a wide range of stakeholders in an agreement, even those not directly involved in the issue.

A strategy for managing resources for the long term by initially restricting exploitation to allow populations to recover, leading to a larger sustainable yield.

The situation when different parties involved in an agreement have conflicting goals and values, potentially leading to conflict or dissatisfaction.

The formation of a new group or treaty by members who disagree with the existing agreement or its direction.

A new agreement created by members who split from an existing agreement, often with a different structure and focus.

An agreement that postpones decisions on key issues, allowing for future negotiations or responses to changing circumstances.