10 Questions
What was the effect of the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption in the Philippines on the stratosphere?
Significant ozone depletion
What is the reduction in HCFC achieved by India from the 2020 baseline?
44%
What is the timeline for the complete phase-out of HCFCs in new equipment manufacturing?
December 2024
What is the goal of the India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP)?
Reduce cooling demand
When was the Montreal Protocol implemented?
1987
What is the purpose of the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol?
To phase down HFCs
What is the global warming potential of HFCs compared to carbon dioxide?
Thousands of times
What is the target year for achieving an 80% reduction in HFC consumption under the Kigali Amendment?
2047
What is HCFC 141b used as in production?
A blowing agent in rigid polyurethane foam
What is the significance of September 16th?
World Ozone Day
Study Notes
Montreal Protocol and Ozone Layer Depletion
- The 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines led to significant ozone loss in the stratosphere.
India's Achievement under Montreal Protocol
- India surpassed the Montreal Protocol targets, reducing HCFC (Hydrochlorofluorocarbons) by 44% from the 2020 baseline, exceeding the 35% phase-out goal.
- Eliminated HCFC 141b, used as a blowing agent in rigid polyurethane foam production.
- Will completely phase out HCFC use in new equipment manufacturing by December 2024, ahead of the Montreal Protocol schedule (2030).
Other Achievements of India
- Phased out CFC, Carbon tetrachloride, Halons, and other controlled uses.
- Implementing HFCs Phase-out Management Plan (HPMP) Stage- II from 2017 to 2024.
- India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP) aims to reduce cooling demand, refrigerant transition, enhance energy efficiency, and adopt better technology options by 2037-38.
Montreal Protocol (1987)
- Implemented under the Vienna Convention (adopted in 1985).
- A global environmental treaty to eliminate Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) production and use.
- World Ozone Day is celebrated on September 16th each year to commemorate its signing.
Kigali Amendment to Montreal Protocol
- Adopted in 2016 and entered into force in 2019.
- Aims to phase down production and consumption of Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), non-ODS alternatives to CFCs and HCFCs.
- Divides nations into three groups with a four-step path to achieve 80% reduction in HFCs consumption by 2047.
India and Montreal Protocol
- Became a Party to the Vienna Convention in 1991 and the Montreal Protocol in 1992.
- Implementing agency: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC).
- Ratified the Kigali Amendment in 2021, committing to complete its phase down of HFCs in four steps from 2032 onwards.
Quiz about the Montreal Protocol, its targets, and India's achievements in reducing ozone-depleting substances.
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