Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which interleukin is a proinflammatory cytokine that contributes to bone resorption and is an intracellular transcriptional regulator?
Which interleukin is a proinflammatory cytokine that contributes to bone resorption and is an intracellular transcriptional regulator?
Which interleukin has a similar proinflammatory profile to IL-1𝛽 and activates neutrophils and are in high numbers in periodontitis, suggesting an important role in periodontal pathogenesis?
Which interleukin has a similar proinflammatory profile to IL-1𝛽 and activates neutrophils and are in high numbers in periodontitis, suggesting an important role in periodontal pathogenesis?
Which cytokine is secreted by activated macrophages and other cells in response to LPS, stimulates the development of osteoclasts and stimulates endothelial cells to express selectin?
Which cytokine is secreted by activated macrophages and other cells in response to LPS, stimulates the development of osteoclasts and stimulates endothelial cells to express selectin?
Which cytokine stimulates bone resorption and the development of osteoclasts, and is produced by immune cells and resident cells?
Which cytokine stimulates bone resorption and the development of osteoclasts, and is produced by immune cells and resident cells?
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Which interleukin is a proinflammatory cytokine, upregulates inflammatory responses and is produced by multiple cell types in periodontium
Which interleukin is a proinflammatory cytokine, upregulates inflammatory responses and is produced by multiple cell types in periodontium
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Which cytokine inhibits the action of IL-1𝛼 and IL-1𝛽, resulting in anti-inflammatory effects?
Which cytokine inhibits the action of IL-1𝛼 and IL-1𝛽, resulting in anti-inflammatory effects?
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Which cytokine upregulates inflammatory responses and is produced by multiple cell types in the periodontium?
Which cytokine upregulates inflammatory responses and is produced by multiple cell types in the periodontium?
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Which cytokine limits tissue repair by inducing apoptosis in fibroblasts and stimulates endothelial cells to express selectins?
Which cytokine limits tissue repair by inducing apoptosis in fibroblasts and stimulates endothelial cells to express selectins?
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Which cytokine stimulates endothelial cells to express selectins and activates macrophages to release IL-1𝛽?
Which cytokine stimulates endothelial cells to express selectins and activates macrophages to release IL-1𝛽?
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Which cytokine stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of B and T cells, and is secreted in response to IL-1𝛽 and TNF𝛼?
Which cytokine stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of B and T cells, and is secreted in response to IL-1𝛽 and TNF𝛼?
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Which cytokine is a key regulator in humoral and adaptive (Ab-mediated) immunity?
Which cytokine is a key regulator in humoral and adaptive (Ab-mediated) immunity?
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Which cytokine antagonizes the effects of IL-1𝛽 and LPS?
Which cytokine antagonizes the effects of IL-1𝛽 and LPS?
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Which cytokine is a proinflammatory cytokine that increases neutrophil activity and mediates cell and tissue turnover by inducing MMP secretion?
Which cytokine is a proinflammatory cytokine that increases neutrophil activity and mediates cell and tissue turnover by inducing MMP secretion?
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Which cytokine regulates osteoclast activity by influencing myeloid cell differentiation into osteoclasts?
Which cytokine regulates osteoclast activity by influencing myeloid cell differentiation into osteoclasts?
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Which cytokine is produced by Treg cells, monocytes, and B cells and has immunosuppressive effects?
Which cytokine is produced by Treg cells, monocytes, and B cells and has immunosuppressive effects?
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Which cytokine plays a role in repair and tissue regeneration, and promotes the generation and function of Treg cells?
Which cytokine plays a role in repair and tissue regeneration, and promotes the generation and function of Treg cells?
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Which cytokine plays a key role in neutrophil recruitment and migration to the site of bacterial infection, and regulates immune responses, repair, and inflammation?
Which cytokine plays a key role in neutrophil recruitment and migration to the site of bacterial infection, and regulates immune responses, repair, and inflammation?
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Which cytokine binds to IL-1 receptor and blocks the effects of IL-1?
Which cytokine binds to IL-1 receptor and blocks the effects of IL-1?
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Which cytokine stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of B and T cells, and is secreted in response to IL-1𝛽 and TNF𝛼?
Which cytokine stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of B and T cells, and is secreted in response to IL-1𝛽 and TNF𝛼?
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Which enzyme metabolizes prostaglandins to generate prostanoids?
Which enzyme metabolizes prostaglandins to generate prostanoids?
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Which substance is a key inflammatory mediator and is primarily produced by macrophages and fibroblasts?
Which substance is a key inflammatory mediator and is primarily produced by macrophages and fibroblasts?
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Which of the following is a role of PGE2 in periodontitis?
Which of the following is a role of PGE2 in periodontitis?
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Which enzyme is upregulated by IL-1𝛽, TNF𝛼, and bacterial LPS leading to an increased production of PGE2 in inflamed tissues?
Which enzyme is upregulated by IL-1𝛽, TNF𝛼, and bacterial LPS leading to an increased production of PGE2 in inflamed tissues?
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Which substance is derived from arachidonic acid and is found in the plasma membrane of most cells?
Which substance is derived from arachidonic acid and is found in the plasma membrane of most cells?
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Which group of enzymes break down structural proteins of the body?
Which group of enzymes break down structural proteins of the body?
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Which enzyme breaks down collagen?
Which enzyme breaks down collagen?
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Which cell types primarily produce MMPs in healthy tissues which produce MMP-1 responsible in tissue maintenance?
Which cell types primarily produce MMPs in healthy tissues which produce MMP-1 responsible in tissue maintenance?
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Which key MMPs are produced by neutrophils in periodontitis?
Which key MMPs are produced by neutrophils in periodontitis?
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Which proteinase inhibitors inhibit MMPs?
Which proteinase inhibitors inhibit MMPs?
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Which substances are tetracyclines?
Which substances are tetracyclines?
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Where are 𝛼1-antitrypsin and 𝛼2-macroglobulin present and what produces them?
Where are 𝛼1-antitrypsin and 𝛼2-macroglobulin present and what produces them?
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Which proteinase inhibitors are involved in inhibiting MMPs in periodontitis?
Which proteinase inhibitors are involved in inhibiting MMPs in periodontitis?
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Which cell types produce tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) in periodontitis?
Which cell types produce tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) in periodontitis?
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Which individuals are more susceptible to periodontitis due to a hyperinflammatory phenotype?
Which individuals are more susceptible to periodontitis due to a hyperinflammatory phenotype?
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What happens to tissue in hyper-responders when exposed to a similar bacterial challenge?
What happens to tissue in hyper-responders when exposed to a similar bacterial challenge?
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What happens to periodontitis development in hypo-responders when exposed to a similar bacterial challenge?
What happens to periodontitis development in hypo-responders when exposed to a similar bacterial challenge?
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Study Notes
Interleukins and Cytokines
- IL-6 is a proinflammatory cytokine that contributes to bone resorption and is an intracellular transcriptional regulator.
- IL-1𝛽 has a similar proinflammatory profile to IL-1𝛽, activates neutrophils, and is present in high numbers in periodontitis, suggesting an important role in periodontal pathogenesis.
- IL-1𝛼 and IL-1𝛽 stimulate the development of osteoclasts and endothelial cells to express selectin, and are produced by immune cells and resident cells.
- IL-1ra inhibits the action of IL-1𝛼 and IL-1𝛽, resulting in anti-inflammatory effects.
- IL-12 upregulates inflammatory responses and is produced by multiple cell types in the periodontium.
- TNF-𝛼 limits tissue repair by inducing apoptosis in fibroblasts and stimulates endothelial cells to express selectins.
- IL-12 stimulates endothelial cells to express selectins and activates macrophages to release IL-1𝛽.
- IL-2 stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of B and T cells, and is secreted in response to IL-1𝛽 and TNF-𝛼.
- IL-10 is a key regulator in humoral and adaptive (Ab-mediated) immunity, antagonizes the effects of IL-1𝛽 and LPS, and is produced by Treg cells, monocytes, and B cells with immunosuppressive effects.
- IL-10 plays a role in repair and tissue regeneration, and promotes the generation and function of Treg cells.
Enzymes and Inhibitors
- Cyclooxygenase (COX) metabolizes prostaglandins to generate prostanoids.
- PGE2 is a key inflammatory mediator, primarily produced by macrophages and fibroblasts, and plays a role in periodontitis.
- Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is upregulated by IL-1𝛽, TNF-𝛼, and bacterial LPS, leading to an increased production of PGE2 in inflamed tissues.
- Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) break down structural proteins of the body, including collagen.
- Fibroblasts and keratinocytes primarily produce MMPs in healthy tissues, producing MMP-1 responsible for tissue maintenance.
- Neutrophils produce MMP-8 and MMP-9 in periodontitis.
- Tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) and 𝛼2-macroglobulin inhibit MMPs.
Periodontitis
- Individuals with a hyperinflammatory phenotype are more susceptible to periodontitis.
- In hyper-responders, tissue exposed to a similar bacterial challenge exhibits increased inflammation and periodontitis development.
- In hypo-responders, periodontitis development is reduced when exposed to a similar bacterial challenge.
- Tetracyclines, such as doxycycline, are used to inhibit MMPs and treat periodontitis.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the interleukin-1 family and their role in inflammation and bone resorption. Identify key characteristics of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-1R and their significance in periodontal health and disease.
