18 Questions
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cytokines?
Have a molecular mass greater than 30 kDa
Which family of cytokines is responsible for promoting proinflammatory signals?
Interleukin 1 (IL-1) family
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Interleukin 1 (IL-1) family of cytokines?
Generally anti-inflammatory, inducing a decrease in capillary permeability and leukocyte migration
Which of the six families of cytokines is known to be involved in the regulation of hematopoiesis?
Hematopoietin (Class I cytokine) family
Which family of cytokines is responsible for antiviral and antiproliferative effects?
Interferon (Class II cytokine) family
Which cytokine family is primarily involved in the recruitment and activation of leukocytes during an inflammatory response?
Chemokine family
What do chemokines primarily do?
Induce T cells movement towards antigen-presenting cells
What was the significant activity of cytokines first recognized in the mid-1960s?
Regulation of immune system cell functions
What is the function of Mitogens as described in the text?
Inducing cell division
What technology allowed for the production of artificially generated T-cell tumors that constitutively produced IL-2?
Hybridoma technology
What did gene cloning techniques in the 1970s and 1980s make possible?
Expression of proteins from cloned genes in bacteria or yeast cells
How did researchers identify cell lines dependent on specific cytokines?
By providing pure cytokine preparations and detecting growth dependencies
What is the primary function of chemokines?
To mobilize immune cells from one location to another
What cellular process do chemokines influence to mobilize immune cells?
Cytoskeleton assembly and disassembly
What is the reason behind the naming of interleukins?
They communicate between leukocytes
Which of the following is NOT an example of an interleukin?
Tumor Necrosis Factor
Which immune cell type secretes Interleukin 1 (IL-1)?
Macrophages
What is the primary function of cytokines in general?
To regulate the immune response
Study Notes
Cytokines and Chemokines
- Cytokines can signal immune cells to increase or decrease enzyme activity, change their transcriptional program, and alter their effector functions.
- They can also instruct cells when to survive and when to die.
Interleukins
- Interleukins are cytokines that communicate between white blood cells (leukocytes).
- Examples: Interleukin 1 (IL-1) secreted by macrophages, Interleukin 2 (IL-2) secreted by activated T cells.
Chemokines
- Chemokines are a subpopulation of cytokines that mobilize immune cells from one organ to another.
- They belong to the class of molecules called chemoattractants, which attract cells by influencing cytoskeleton proteins and cell-surface adhesion molecules.
- Chemokines attract cells with the appropriate chemokine receptors to regions with the highest chemokine concentration.
Cytokine Families
- Cytokines belong to one of six families: Interleukin 1 (IL-1), Hematopoietin (Class I), Interferon (Class II), Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), Interleukin 17 (IL-17), and Chemokine families.
- Cytokines are relatively small proteins with a molecular mass of less than 30 kDa, and many are glycosylated.
IL-1 Family
- Cytokines of the IL-1 family promote proinflammatory signals.
- They are typically secreted by dendritic cells and monocytes/macrophages in response to viral, parasitic, or bacterial antigens.
- IL-1 family members induce an increase in capillary permeability and amplify leukocyte migration into infected tissues.
General Properties of Cytokines and Chemokines
- Cytokines were first recognized in the mid-1960s as soluble factors regulating proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of immune system cells.
- Hybridoma technology and gene cloning techniques enabled the production of pure cytokines and identification of cell lines dependent on particular cytokines.
This quiz covers the role of cytokines in signaling immune cells, influencing enzyme activity and transcriptional programs, and regulating cell survival. Learn about the classification of cytokines as Interleukins and their communication between white blood cells.
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