human morphology and function - powerpoint 4
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of keratinocytes in the epidermis?

  • Synthesize melanin
  • Produce keratin (correct)
  • Protect against UV radiation
  • Act as sensory receptors

    • Which layer of the epidermis contains dead, flattened cells filled with keratin?

  • Stratum basale
  • Stratum spinosum
  • Stratum granulosum
  • Stratum corneum (correct)

    • Which cell type in the epidermis is primarily responsible for UV protection?

  • Keratinocytes
  • Merkel's cells
  • Melanocytes (correct)
  • Langerhan's cells

    • What characterizes the dermis compared to the epidermis?

    <p>More elastic and collagen fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the stratum lucidum?

    <p>Only found in the palms and soles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Langerhan's cells in the integumentary system?

    <p>Immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue primarily composes the hypodermis?

    <p>Connective and adipose tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the epidermis is characterized by limited mitotic activity?

    <p>Stratum granulosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general effect of the integumentary system on an individual's self-image?

    <p>It contributes significantly to perceived attractiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many layers make up the stratum corneum?

    <p>25 to 30 layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of hair is responsible for its protective function and sensation?

    <p>Shaft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the color of hair, particularly black and blond shades?

    <p>Amount of melanin present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of sebaceous glands in the skin?

    <p>Produce a lipid-rich secretion known as sebum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sweat gland is most densely concentrated in the palms and soles?

    <p>Merocrine (eccrine) glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in the hair follicle contracts in response to cold or emotional crisis?

    <p>Arrector pili</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the nail is commonly referred to as the cuticle?

    <p>Eponychium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a lack of pigmentation in hair primarily manifest?

    <p>As grey hair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of secretion do sebaceous follicles produce directly onto the skin?

    <p>Sebum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of gland is primarily responsible for evaporative cooling of the body?

    <p>Merocrine (eccrine) glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of nails?

    <p>Object manipulation and protection of finger tips</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of secretion is produced by apocrine glands?

    <p>Viscous and cloudy secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ceruminous glands?

    <p>Production of cerumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a third-degree burn?

    <p>Complete destruction of the integument</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the pathophysiology of burns, leading to dizziness or syncope?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of connective tissue is characterized by closely packed collagen fibers in a parallel arrangement?

    <p>Dense regular connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of junctions are intercalated disks primarily composed of?

    <p>Gap junctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding mammary glands?

    <p>They are primarily involved in excretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical characteristic of apocrine secretions?

    <p>Secretion of pheromones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When observing a tissue with blisters and swelling, what degree of burn is likely present?

    <p>Second degree burn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of sweat in the human body?

    <p>Thermoregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of melanin in the skin?

    <p>To protect the stratum basale from UV radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by a lack of tyrosinase?

    <p>Albinism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pigment accumulates in the stratum corneum and gives a yellowish hue?

    <p>Carotene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cyanosis associated with?

    <p>Decreased oxygen saturation in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following functions of the skin involves preventing water absorption?

    <p>Hydroregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hyperkeratosis involve?

    <p>Benign proliferation of melanocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about vitamin D synthesis is correct?

    <p>UV radiation is necessary for its activation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sensation is NOT detected by the sensory receptors in the dermis?

    <p>Sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process allows for transdermal drug delivery?

    <p>Absorption through the epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the stratum basale primarily protect against?

    <p>UV radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Integumentary System Overview

    • Largest organ system, critical for overall health and self-image.
    • Comprises epithelial, muscle, nervous, and connective tissues.
    • Can indicate disease presence and host various disorders.

    Tissue Layers of Skin

    • Epidermis: Outermost layer, primarily made of keratinocytes (90%).

      • Keratinocytes produce keratin and are mitotically active in the deepest layers.
      • Melanocytes (8%) synthesize melanin to protect against UV radiation.
      • Contains Langerhans cells (immune function) and Merkel’s cells (sensory receptors).
      • Organized into five strata:
        • Stratum Basale: Deepest, cuboidal cells, mitotically active.
        • Stratum Spinosum: Spiny appearance, limited mitosis.
        • Stratum Granulosum: Granulated cells producing keratin and keratohyalin.
        • Stratum Lucidum: Present in palms/soles, filled with keratin.
        • Stratum Corneum: 25-30 layers of dead keratinized cells.

    • Dermis: Thicker than epidermis, composed of elastic and collagen fibers.

      • Rich vascularization, contains glands (sweat, sebaceous), hair follicles, nerves, and sensory receptors.

    • Hypodermis: Made up of loose connective and adipose tissues for structural attachment.

    Skin Color

    • Melanin: Black pigment, its amount dictates skin color variations.

      • Protects basal layer from UV rays; synthesis increases with UV exposure.
      • Skin conditions include freckles, albinism (tyrosinase deficiency), vitiligo (melanocyte loss), and hyperkeratosis (benign growth).

    • Carotene: Yellow pigment from plants, accumulates in stratum corneum.

    • Hemoglobin: Oxygen-carrying pigment in blood; cyanosis indicates hypoxia (bluish skin).

    Functions of the Skin

    • Physical Protection: Barrier to microbes, water, and radiation; thickens due to friction (callus formation).
    • Hydroregulation: Virtually waterproof, prevents dehydration.
    • Thermoregulation: Manages body temperature through sweating and vasoconstriction.
    • Synthesis: Produces melanin and keratin; UV exposure activates Vitamin D.
    • Absorption: Allows uptake of certain substances (e.g., medications via transdermal patches).
    • Sensory Reception: Contains receptors for temperature, pressure, pain, etc.
    • Communication: Facial expressions and skin color changes reflect emotions.

    Epidermal Derivatives

    • Hair:

      • Functions: Protection, sensation, filtering, and sexual attraction.
      • Anatomy includes shaft, root, follicle, and arrector pili muscles.

    • Nails:

      • Protect fingertip ends and assist in manipulation.
      • Composed of various parts: nail body, lunula, root, cuticle, and hyponychium.

    • Glands:

      • Sebaceous Glands: Oil production, associated with hair follicles; secrete sebum containing lipids and antibiotics.
      • Sudiferous (Sweat) Glands:
        • Merocrine: Common in palms and soles, involved in thermal regulation and excretion.
        • Apocrine: Found in axillary and pubic regions, secretes pheromones, activated at puberty.
      • Mammary Glands: Specialized glands for milk production; discussed within the reproductive system.
      • Ceruminous Glands: Secretes earwax (cerumen) as an insect and water repellent.

    Clinical Considerations

    • Burn Classification:

      • First Degree: Affects only the epidermis, causes redness and pain.
      • Second Degree: Involves epidermis and dermis, results in blisters.
      • Third Degree: Damages entire skin and underlying tissues; may lead to scarring.

    • Common Symptoms: Redness from vasodilation, swelling from capillary filtration, potential dizziness or shock due to dehydration, and risk of systemic infection.

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    Integumentary System Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the integumentary system with this quiz based on Lecture #4. Covering MTT, chapter 4, you'll explore the composition, functions, and significance of this largest organ system, alongside relevant clinical implications. Answer i-clicker questions to reinforce your understanding.

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