Integumentary System and Immunology Quiz

The outer layer of skin, composed of epithelial tissue. It provides protection and is constantly renewed.

The deeper, thicker layer of skin, composed of connective tissue. It provides strength, flexibility, and contains nerves and blood vessels.

The three types of pigments that contribute to skin color.

Cells in the stratum basale that produce melanin. They transfer melanin granules to keratinocytes for protection from UV light.

The layer of tissue beneath the dermis, composed of adipose tissue. It helps insulate the body and anchor the skin.

The process of synthesizing vitamin D in the skin through exposure to UV light.

The lines on the skin caused by the direction of collagen fibers in the dermis. They are important for surgeons to consider when making incisions.

Specialized structures derived from the epidermis that extend into the dermis, including hair follicles, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.

Hardened plates of keratin that cover the dorsal surface of the distal phalanges of the fingers and toes.

Structures that produce hair, derived from both the epidermis and dermis.

Smooth muscle associated with hair follicles that contracts to cause hair to stand on end, creating goosebumps.

The base of a hair follicle containing epithelial cells surrounding a papilla of connective tissue. This is where hair growth begins.

A structure within the hair bulb containing connective tissue that provides nutrients for hair growth.

Small, fine hairs found throughout the body, except on palms and soles.

Glands throughout the skin, except for palms and soles, that secrete sebum (oil) to lubricate and protect the skin.

Glands that produce sweat, found throughout the skin, except for nipples and part of the external genitalia.

Sweat produced by eccrine glands. Composed primarily of water, salts, and minor waste products.

Apocrine sweat glands are found in specific regions like the armpit, groin, and anus. They secrete substances that decompose over time causing body odor.

Sweat glands that are modified from apocrine glands.

A condition that occurs when the body loses excessive fluids, leading to dehydration and potential circulatory shock.

A burn that affects only the epidermis, characterized by redness and pain.

A burn that affects the epidermis and part of the dermis, resulting in blisters.

A burn that damages the full thickness of the skin, affecting the epidermis, dermis, and sometimes the hypodermis.

A method used to estimate the extent of burn injuries using the body's surface area.

A tumor that is non-cancerous and does not spread to other areas of the body.

A type of skin cancer that arises from melanin-producing cells.

A type of white blood cell (WBC) that patrols the blood, seeking out and engulfing microbes.

A type of white blood cell (WBC) that migrates to tissues and transforms into macrophages. They play a key role in both innate and adaptive immunity.

Highly effective phagocytic cells found in tissues, known for their ability to engulf and digest microbes. They also present antigens to lymphocytes, initiating an adaptive immune response.

A type of lymphocyte that does not require prior exposure to a microbe to act. They are crucial for the innate immune system, killing virus-infected and cancerous cells.

Transmembrane proteins found on macrophages and other immune cells. They act as sensors for microbes, triggering an immune response.

A type of precancerous skin lesion, characterized by rough, scaly patches, often caused by prolonged sun exposure.

A type of skin cancer originating from cells in the stratum basale, the deepest layer of the epidermis. It's typically slow-growing and rarely spreads.

A type of skin cancer that arises from keratinocytes in the epidermis. It's more aggressive than basal cell carcinoma and can spread if left untreated.

The most serious form of skin cancer, originating from melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells. It's highly aggressive and can spread rapidly.

The body's defense system against disease and injury. It comprises two interconnected branches: nonspecific (innate) and specific (acquired) immunity.

The first line of defense against pathogens, offering immediate but nonspecific protection. It involves physical barriers, antimicrobial substances, and cells like phagocytes.

The second line of defense, offering a targeted and specific response tailored to each pathogen. It involves lymphocytes (T and B cells) and antibodies.

A mechanism that destroys pathogens by tagging them for destruction by other immune cells or causing their direct lysis. It's a key component of the innate immune system.

Small protein messengers produced by immune cells that help coordinate the immune response, sending signals to other cells.

White blood cells that engulf and destroy foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses, and cellular debris. They are essential for innate immunity.