Questions and Answers
What are the two major components of the integumentary system?
Cutaneous membrane, Accessory structures
What are the two components of the cutaneous membrane?
Epidermis, Dermis
What is the hypodermis?
Loose connective tissue deep to the dermis that separates the integument from the deep fascia around other organs
What are the general functions of the skin and hypodermis? (List 7)
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What layer is in thick skin and not in thin skin?
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Where do you find thick skin?
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What are the layers of the skin from most deep to most superficial?
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What are the two factors in the color of the epidermis?
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What is insensible perspiration?
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What is sensible perspiration?
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What is carotene?
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What is keratin?
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What is keratinization?
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What is melanin?
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Where will you find melanocytes?
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What protects your skin from significant amounts of ultraviolet radiation?
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What is the name of the pigment in red blood cells?
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What is cyanosis?
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How is vitamin D3 made in the body?
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What vitamin is needed in order to synthesize the hormone calcitriol?
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What is the ABCDE of skin cancer characteristics?
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What are some of the roles of EGF?
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What are the two major components in the dermis?
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What is dermatitis?
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What happens when you cut parallel to a cleavage line?
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What do nerve fibers in the skin do?
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What are tactile discs?
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What are tactile corpuscles?
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What are lamellated corpuscles?
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What is one reason why the hypodermis is important?
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What are the functions of subcutaneous fat?
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What surrounds the base of each hair follicle?
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What happens when the arrector pili contracts?
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What is club hair?
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What are vellus hairs?
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What are terminal hairs?
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Why do people get white hairs?
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What are sebaceous glands?
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What are some functions of sebum?
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What are sebaceous follicles?
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What is seborrheic dermatitis?
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What are the two types of sudoriferous glands?
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Where are apocrine glands located and where do they discharge?
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Where do merocrine glands secrete their products?
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What are the functions of merocrine sweat gland activity?
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What are ceruminous glands?
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What controls the activation and deactivation of sebaceous and apocrine glands at the subconscious level?
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Where does nail production occur?
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What does the body of the nail consist of?
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What is granulation tissue?
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What is a keloid?
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What are the four steps for the repair of injury to the integument?
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Study Notes
Integumentary System
- Composed of cutaneous membrane and accessory structures.
- Cutaneous membrane consists of the epidermis and dermis.
Hypodermis
- Contains loose connective tissue separating the integument from deeper organs and fascia.
Functions of Skin and Hypodermis
- Provides protection to underlying tissues and organs.
- Facilitates excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes.
- Regulates body temperature.
- Produces keratin for protection.
- Synthesizes vitamin D from UV exposure.
- Stores lipids for energy.
- Detects sensations like touch, pressure, pain, and temperature.
Skin Layers
- Thick skin contains the stratum lucidum; thick skin found on palms and soles.
- Skin layers from deep to superficial: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum.
Epidermis Color Factors
- Influenced by dermal blood supply and epidermal pigmentation.
Perspiration Types
- Insensible perspiration: imperceptible water loss.
- Sensible perspiration: noticeable water loss.
Skin Pigments
- Carotene: orange-yellow pigment found in epidermal cells.
- Melanin: brown to black pigment produced by melanocytes, located in stratum basale, protects skin from UV radiation.
- Hemoglobin: pigment in red blood cells affecting skin color.
- Cyanosis indicates blue coloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen.
Vitamin D Production
- Vitamin D3 synthesized when epidermal cells in lower layers convert cholesterol-related substances upon UV exposure.
Skin Cancer Characteristics
- ABCDE: Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, Evolution.
EGF Functions
- Promotes cell division in basal and spinosum layers.
- Accelerates keratin production in keratinocytes.
- Stimulates skin development and repair after injury.
- Enhances the activity of epithelial glands.
Dermis Structure
- Composed of papillary and reticular layers.
- Dermatitis is inflammation affecting the papillary layer.
Cut Healing
- Cutting parallel to cleavage lines leads to faster healing with minimal scarring.
Nerve Fiber Functions
- Regulate blood flow and adjust gland secretion.
- Monitor sensory receptors in dermis and epidermis.
Sensory Receptors
- Tactile discs: detect touch, located in deepest epidermal layer.
- Tactile corpuscles: sensitive to light touch in dermal papillae.
- Lamellated corpuscles: responsive to deep pressure and vibration in reticular layer.
Hypodermis Importance
- Stabilizes skin position relative to underlying tissues and allows independent movement.
Functions of Subcutaneous Fat
- Provides insulation, reduces heat loss, serves as energy reserve, and acts as a shock absorber.
Hair Follicles
- Surrounded by a sensory nerve plexus.
- Arrector pili muscle contraction causes goosebumps.
- Club hair results from inactive hair follicles.
- Vellus hairs are fine body hairs; terminal hairs are thicker, pigmented, and may be curly.
- White hair results from lack of pigment or presence of air bubbles in hair shaft.
Sebaceous Glands
- Oil glands that secrete oily substances into hair follicles.
- Sebum inhibits bacterial growth, lubricates hair, and conditions skin.
- Sebaceous follicles release sebum directly onto the epidermis.
Sudoriferous Glands
- Apocrine sweat glands located in specific areas (armpits, nipples) and discharge into hair follicles.
- Merocrine glands secrete directly onto skin surface, aiding in cooling, excretion, and protection.
Ceruminous Glands
- Modified sweat glands in the external ear pathway.
Nervous System Control
- Autonomic Nervous System regulates activation of sebaceous and apocrine glands subconsciously.
Nail Anatomy
- Nail production occurs at the nail root.
- Nail body consists of dead, keratin-packed cells.
Wound Healing
- Involves granulation tissue—a mix of blood clot, fibroblasts, and capillaries.
- Keloid refers to thick, raised scar tissue.
Wound Repair Phases
- Four key phases: Inflammatory, Migratory, Proliferation, and Maturation.
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Description
Explore the intricate components and functions of the integumentary system, including the skin layers, hypodermis, and the roles they play in protecting and regulating the body. This quiz covers the key functions of skin, perspiration types, and factors influencing epidermis color. Test your knowledge on this vital system!