Integumentary and Skeletal Systems Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the subcutis layer of the skin?

  • Insulate and protect inner organs (correct)
  • Facilitate the healing of wounds
  • Absorb nutrients from the bloodstream
  • Regulate body temperature

    • Which type of sweat gland is primarily responsible for producing body odor?

  • Eccrine sweat glands
  • Sebaceous glands
  • Apocrine sweat glands (correct)
  • Merocrine sweat glands

    • In which layer of the dermis are the dermal papillae located?

  • Hypodermis
  • Reticular layer
  • Papillary layer (correct)
  • Epidermis

    • What type of hair is characterized as being pale and fine?

    <p>Vellus hair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of the integumentary system?

    <p>Nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for rapid cell division?

    <p>Stratum basale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tissue type primarily makes up the reticular layer of the dermis?

    <p>Dense fibrous connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of osteocytes in bone function?

    <p>They produce chemical signals in response to mechanical loading.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions leads to marked weakening of the skeleton due to a failure of mineral deposition?

    <p>Rickets and osteomalacia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the structural composition of bones that contributes to their strength and resilience?

    <p>Crystals of minerals bound to protein in a composite structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the trabecular network in bones?

    <p>It provides surfaces for mineral exchange and maintains skeletal integrity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does weightlessness in space affect bone health?

    <p>It results in weakened bones due to lack of mechanical stimulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for the basal cell layer?

    <p>Stratum germinativum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the skin is primarily involved in immune functions?

    <p>Stratum spinosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process begins in the stratum granulosum?

    <p>Keratinization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of melanocytes in the basal cell layer?

    <p>To produce pigment (melanin)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer is characterized by 10-30 layers of dead skin cells?

    <p>Stratum corneum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How thick is the stratum lucidum?

    <p>2-3 cells thick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is primarily responsible for the skin's tough outer layer?

    <p>Keratin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to cells in the stratum granulosum as they die?

    <p>They flatten and fill with keratin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer serves as the thickest part of the epidermis?

    <p>Stratum spinosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do osteoclasts play in bone metabolism?

    <p>They resorb bone by breaking down the matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the process following a bone fracture?

    <p>A fracture hematoma is formed initially.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many human bones are present in an adult skeleton?

    <p>206</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the axial skeleton?

    <p>Provide structural support to the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bones represent the appendicular skeleton?

    <p>Clavicle and scapula.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process allows for the growth of bones while removing old bone from another site?

    <p>Bone remodeling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint structure is primarily responsible for the passage of nerves and blood vessels?

    <p>Foramina.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the femur?

    <p>It is the longest bone in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary importance of systemic hormones in bone health?

    <p>They maintain calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about ribs is accurate?

    <p>False ribs lack a direct connection to the sternum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern regarding airway management after a large burn injury?

    <p>Obstruction caused by swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main skin barrier to microbial invasion that is compromised after a large burn?

    <p>Skin as a whole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common treatment for malignant melanoma?

    <p>Surgical excision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does calcitonin primarily affect calcium levels in the body?

    <p>Prevents the kidneys from reabsorbing calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What functional effect does calcitriol have on bone health?

    <p>Increases blood calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for producing melanin in the skin?

    <p>Melanocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which layer of the skin do melanocytes primarily reside?

    <p>Basal layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk associated with chronic corticosteroid use on bone health?

    <p>Bone decalcification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the role of UV rays regarding melanin?

    <p>UV rays stimulate melanin to neutralize free radicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is known to have a higher diagnosis rate with greater sun exposure?

    <p>Malignant melanoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following layers contains keratinocytes that are dead and anucleated?

    <p>Stratum Corneum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Langerhans cells found in the epidermis?

    <p>Ingesting foreign substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is unique to the stratum lucidum compared to other epidermal layers?

    <p>Is comprised of dead and clear keratinocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the skin is primarily responsible for regulating temperature?

    <p>Dermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the stratum granulosum contribute to skin protection?

    <p>By initiating keratinization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is involved in the initial response to touch within the stratum basale?

    <p>Merkel cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What layer lies directly beneath the epidermis and contains vascular connective tissue?

    <p>Dermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consequence may result from a consistent lack of mechanical stimulation on bones?

    <p>Weakening of bone structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the composition of bones that contributes to their ability to absorb impact?

    <p>Collagen structures bound to minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do osteocytes play in the maintenance of bone health?

    <p>Generate signals responding to mechanical changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic disorder is associated with abnormalities in collagen structures within bones?

    <p>Osteogenesis imperfecta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the role of the trabecular bone network?

    <p>It provides surface for mineral exchange and enhances structural integrity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which zone of a burn wound represents the area that has lost blood flow and contains devitalized tissue?

    <p>Zone of coagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significant risk associated with the zone of stasis in burn injuries?

    <p>It may progress into a full thickness lesion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serious health risk is primarily associated with large burns due to skin loss?

    <p>Sepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does increased exposure to sunlight affect the risk of malignant melanoma?

    <p>Increases the risk by damaging melanocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cellular processes are primarily driven by ischemia following a major burn injury?

    <p>Necrosis and apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment for malignant melanoma involves enhancing the immune response?

    <p>Immunotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of burn injury is characterized by full thickness damage?

    <p>Degree 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of calcitonin in bone metabolism?

    <p>Inhibits bone resorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What therapeutic strategy is critical for treating sepsis and multi-organ failure in burn injury cases?

    <p>Volume therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the types of ribs in the human body?

    <p>Floating ribs have no attachment to the sternum or other ribs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does calcitriol play in calcium metabolism?

    <p>It enhances calcium absorption from food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is unique to the cervical vertebra?

    <p>They possess a transverse foramen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is essential for the activation and proliferation of fibroblasts during wound healing?

    <p>Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about bone composition is correct?

    <p>Bones contain both organic and inorganic materials contributing to their strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential benefit does calcitonin provide for patients on long-term corticosteroid therapy?

    <p>Reduces the risk of osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of overproduction of TGF-beta in burn healing?

    <p>Enhanced scar formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which section of the spine is composed of 12 vertebrae?

    <p>Thoracic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of an obstructed airway following a significant burn?

    <p>Increased risk of hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What systemic effect is commonly associated with a major burn injury?

    <p>Increased metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of burn is classified as superficial partial thickness?

    <p>Degree 2(a)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the appendicular skeleton from the axial skeleton?

    <p>It consists solely of limb bones and their girdles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are melanocytes primarily located in the skin?

    <p>Basal layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) contribute to calcium homeostasis?

    <p>By increasing calcium release from bones when blood levels are low.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes malignant melanoma from other skin cancers?

    <p>Rapid metastasis potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily involved in anchoring the upper limbs to the axial skeleton?

    <p>Clavicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of UV rays on melanocytes?

    <p>Enhances melanin production to protect cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of osteoblasts in bone health?

    <p>They build new bone tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the holes through which nerves and blood vessels pass in the skull?

    <p>Foramina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Integumentary System

    • The skin is the largest organ in the body.
    • The skin has three layers: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.
    • The epidermis is the outermost layer, avascular, and composed of epithelial tissue layers.
    • The epidermis has 5 layers: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
    • The dermis is the middle layer and consists of vascularized fibrous connective tissue.
    • The dermis has two layers, the papillary layer and reticular layer.
    • The hypodermis is the innermost layer and is composed of adipose tissue.
    • The hypodermis acts as insulation, a shock absorber, and stores energy.

    Structure of the Epidermis

    • The epidermis has 5 layers (strata).
    • Stratum basale is the deepest layer, with actively dividing cells that produce keratinocytes, melanocytes, and tactile cells (Merkel cells).
    • Stratum spinosum (prickly layer) contains cells connected by desmosomes. It also contains Langerhans cells (a type of dendritic cell, part of the immune system).
    • Stratum granulosum (granular layer) contains cells that produce keratin.
    • Stratum lucidum (clear layer) is a thin, transparent layer, only found in thick skin.
    • Stratum corneum (horny layer) is the outermost layer of dead, keratinized cells.

    Structure of the Dermis

    • The dermis is composed of two layers: papillary layer and reticular layer.
    • The papillary layer is the upper layer and contains capillaries, nerve endings, and touch receptors.
    • The reticular layer is the lower layer and contains collagen and elastic fibers; it also contains blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.

    Skin Appendages

    • Hair: Made of keratinized cells; grows from hair follicles, also containing the medulla, cuticle, and cortex.
    • Nails: Made of keratinized cells; protect the tips of fingers and toes; also including the nail bed, matrix, and the associated eponychium and hyponychium.
    • Glands: Sebaceous (oil) glands; sudoriferous (sweat) glands (eccrine and apocrine), ceruminous glands (modified apocrine glands in ears, producing earwax), and mammary glands (modified apocrine glands producing milk)

    Sweat Glands (AKA Sudoriferous Glands)

    • Eccrine (merocrine) glands: Most common, responsible for evaporative cooling, mostly producing water.
    • Apocrine glands: Secrete a thicker substance, also contributing to body odor, often found in armpits and groin.
    • Ceruminous glands: Specialized apocrine glands in the ear; produce earwax.
    • Mammary glands: Specialized apocrine glands, producing milk.

    Burn Classifications

    • First-degree burns: Superficial damage to the epidermis.
    • Second-degree burns: Partial-thickness burns; damage to the epidermis and upper dermis.
    • Third-degree burns: Full-thickness burns; damage to all layers of the skin.
    • Fourth-degree burns: Damage to underlying tissues like muscle, bone, etc.

    Integumentary System as a Whole

    • Protection, thermoregulation, sensation, vitamin D production, excretion.

    Skeletal System

    • The skeletal system is the framework of the body, consisting of bones, cartilage, joints, and ligaments.
    • Bones provide support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation.
    • The skeletal system is divided into two main parts: axial and appendicular skeletons.
    • The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.
    • The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs.

    Bone Types

    • Long bones: Found in limbs for strength and movement (e.g., femur, humerus)
    • Short bones: Found in wrists and ankles for stability (e.g., carpals, tarsals)
    • Flat bones: Found in the skull, ribs, and sternum for protection and muscle attachments
    • Irregular bones: Found in the vertebrae and pelvis for varied support and protection roles (e.g., vertebrae, hip bones)
    • Sesamoid bones: Embedded in tendons to reduce stress (e.g., patella)

    Bone Structure

    • The main parts of a long bone include the diaphysis (shaft), epiphyses (ends), articular cartilage, periosteum, and medullary cavity.
    • Bone is a dynamic tissue, continually being remodeled, with active cells such as osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

    Bone Metabolism (Remodeling)

    • Osteoblasts build new bone. Osteoclasts break down old bone.
    • This continuous cycle ensures bone strength, repair, and mineral homeostasis.
    • Hormones regulate bone metabolism.
    • Mechanical stress influences bone remodeling.

    Skin Cancer

    • Melanoma is a serious skin cancer.
    • Skin cancer risk is often influenced by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. Possible therapies include surgical removal, immunotherapy, and other treatments.

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    Bones and Skin PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the integumentary and skeletal systems with this quiz. Questions cover functions of skin layers, types of sweat glands, and the role of bone cells. Perfect for students studying human anatomy and physiology.

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