Insulin, Resistance, and Diabetes Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is a primary cause of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?

Increased levels of cortisol

Increased fluid intake

Genetic predisposition (correct)

Low testosterone levels

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of BPH?

Weight loss (correct)

Hesitancy

Urinary frequency

Weak stream

What type of examination is performed to check the size and consistency of the prostate?

Prostate Biopsy

Transurethral ultrasound

Digital Rectal Exam (DRE) (correct)

Computed Tomography (CT) scan

Which medication class is primarily used to improve urine flow in patients with BPH?

Alpha blockers Signup and view all the answers

Cushing's Syndrome is primarily characterized by high levels of which hormone?

Cortisol Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible cause of Addison's Disease?

Autoimmune damage to the adrenal cortex Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can be a diagnostic tool to visualize prostate size?

Ultrasound or MRI Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment option for HPH that aims to shrink the prostate over time?

5-alpha-reductase inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

What role does insulin play in the body?

It helps glucose enter cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is insulin resistance?

When cells do not respond properly to insulin. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of high blood sugar?

Increased hunger Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens when blood sugar rises after eating?

The pancreas increases insulin production. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary cause of Type 1 Diabetes?

Immune system attacking insulin-producing cells Signup and view all the answers

Which management method is commonly used for Type 1 Diabetes?

Insulin injections Signup and view all the answers

What complication is NOT commonly associated with uncontrolled high blood sugar?

Increased hair growth Signup and view all the answers

How does Type 2 Diabetes differ from Type 1 Diabetes?

Type 2 can involve insulin resistance or insufficient insulin production. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Insulin

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas
It facilitates glucose entry into cells for energy
Normal insulin function involves:
- Blood sugar rising after eating
- Pancreas releasing insulin into the bloodstream
- Insulin binding to cell receptors
- Cells absorbing glucose from the blood
- Blood sugar returning to normal

Insulin Resistance

Insulin resistance is a condition where cells don't respond effectively to insulin
Associated with:
- Elevated blood sugar after eating
- Pancreas releasing insulin but cells not responding effectively
- Glucose not entering cells easily
- Elevated blood sugar levels
- Pancreas attempting to compensate by producing more insulin

Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)
Symptoms of high blood sugar:
- Frequent urination (polyuria)
- Excessive thirst (polydipsia)
- Increased hunger (polyphagia)
- Unexplained weight loss
- Blurred vision
- Slow-healing sores
- Frequent infections
Long-term complications of uncontrolled high blood sugar:
- Heart disease and stroke
- Kidney disease
- Eye problems (retinopathy)
- Nerve damage (neuropathy)
- Foot problems

Insulin Types

Different types of insulin have varying onset, peak, and duration times, impacting when they're used
Rapid-acting insulins (Lispro, Aspart, Glulisine), Short-acting (Regular), Intermediate-acting (NPH), Long-acting (Glargine, Detemir), and Ultra-long-acting (Degludec).
Insulin types are used for different times of the day for patients with diabetes based on the needs of the specific patient

Regulation of Insulin & Glucagon

Insulin facilitates glucose entry into cells for energy storage
Glucagon increases blood glucose levels, releasing glucose from the liver to manage low blood sugar
Various factors, including hormones, stimulate or inhibit insulin and glucagon release

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

BPH is a non-cancerous prostate enlargement
Causes include:
- Aging
- Elevated DHT (dihydrotestosterone) levels
- Family history
Symptoms:
- Hesitancy
- Intermittency/incontinence
- Frequency
- Fullness
- Urgency
- Nocturia

BPH Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis often involves:
- Digital rectal exam (DRE)
- Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test
- Ultrasound or MRI
Treatments commonly include
- Alpha blockers (e.g., tamsulosin)
- 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (e.g., finasteride)
- Surgical options

Cushing's Syndrome

Occurs due to high cortisol secretion
Causes:
- Tumors in pituitary or adrenal glands
- Corticosteroid use
Symptoms may include:
- Personality changes
- Moon face
- Increased susceptibility to infection
- Fat deposits (especially on the back)
- Osteoporosis
Treatment involves managing cortisol levels, addressing the cause

Addison's Disease

Characterized by low cortisol and aldosterone secretion
Common causes include autoimmune damage to adrenal glands
Symptoms often include:
- Low blood pressure
- Low sodium (hyponatremia)
- Muscle weakness
- Weight loss
- Skin changes
- Fatigue

Addison's Disease & Cushing's Disease Comparison

Addison's Disease: Low cortisol, low aldosterone
Cushing's Disease: High cortisol

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Description

This quiz explores the roles of insulin, the issue of insulin resistance, and the implications of diabetes mellitus. Understand how insulin functions in the body, the effects of resistance, and the symptoms associated with diabetes. Test your knowledge on these crucial health topics.