Diabetes and Insulin Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of insulin in the body?

Promote the formation of glucose

Stimulate glucose and potassium uptake (correct)

Facilitate fat breakdown

Break down proteins

Which process is responsible for the formation of glycogen?

Glycogenesis (correct)

Glycogenolysis

Gluconeogenesis

Glycolysis

Which statement is true regarding brain cells and glucose?

They can uptake glucose without insulin stimulation (correct)

They require insulin to uptake glucose

They do not require glucose for energy

They can only use glucose derived from fats

What characterizes Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM)?

Destruction of 70% of pancreatic beta cells Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when there is insufficient insulin in the body?

Fats are broken down to produce ketone bodies Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the breakdown of glucose to produce ATP?

Glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

Insulin resistance and deficiency Signup and view all the answers

Which test is used to determine if there is still insulin production in patients with Type 1 DM?

C-peptide test Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is considered the first-line treatment for gestational diabetes mellitus?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect associated with metformin?

Metallic taste Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications should be avoided within 48 hours of iodinated contrast administration?

Metformin Signup and view all the answers

Which class of medications includes Tolbutamide and Glipizide?

Insulin secretagogues Signup and view all the answers

What kind of allergy would potentially contraindicate the use of Sulfonylureas?

Sulfa allergy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is considered safe to use in patients with a history of thyroid issues?

Exenatide Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is known to mask the symptoms of hypoglycemia?

Propranolol Signup and view all the answers

Which of these medications should be monitored for its adverse effects on the thyroid?

Liraglutide Signup and view all the answers

Which DPP-4 inhibitor is associated with the risk of pancreatitis?

Saxagliptin Signup and view all the answers

Which DPP-4 inhibitor does not require renal adjustment?

Linagliptin Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of acarbose?

It delays the digestion of carbohydrates. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of Canagliflozin?

Risk of fractures Signup and view all the answers

In the case of a patient with T1 DM, what is the typical insulin dose range per day?

0.3-0.6 U/kg Signup and view all the answers

What should be done for a patient whose blood glucose level is 210 mg/dl with a target of 120 mg/dl, given a correction factor of 30?

Administer 3 U of insulin Signup and view all the answers

Which dosing strategy is indicated for patients with an A1C of 8.5 - 10?

Increase metformin dose Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is indicated to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease?

SGLT-2 inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes Type 1 diabetes from Type 2 diabetes?

Type 1 diabetes is associated with autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which measurement indicates that a patient has diabetes according to the diagnosis criteria?

A1C > 6.5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the weight category for an adult female with a height of 160 cm and weight of 80 kg?

Obese Signup and view all the answers

When should Type 2 diabetes patients be followed up after diagnosis?

Once a year Signup and view all the answers

What class of diabetes medication is metformin categorized under?

Insulin Sensitizers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is NOT an SGLT-2 Inhibitor?

Glimepiride Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a known risk factor for Type 2 diabetes?

Height over 180 cm Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended frequency for checking Type 1 diabetes after diagnosis?

Yearly after the age of ten Signup and view all the answers

Which insulin secretagogue belongs to the second generation?

Glipizide Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of insulin sensitizers like metformin?

Increase insulin sensitivity Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Diabetes From Zero To Hero Course

Course offered by Dr/ Moaaz
Course name: OTC Course from Zero to Hero
Contact information provided: +201094718950

Diabetes Mellitus

Beta cells in pancreatic islets secrete insulin
Insulin breaks down glucose to ATP
There are two types: Type 1 and Type 2
Risk factors for type 1 DM include: Genetic Predisposition, Decreased Vitamin D levels, Cow's milk consumption, and Medications.
Risk factors for type 2 DM include: Family history, Age over 35, BMI greater than 25, High Insulin Resistance

Processes in Diabetes

Glycolysis: Breakdown of glucose to ATP
Glycogenesis: Formation of glycogen
Gluconeogenesis: Formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
Glycogenolysis: Breakdown of glycogen
Insulin stimulates glucose and potassium uptake in all cells. Brain cells can utilize glucose without insulin stimulation.

Types of Diabetes

Type 1 DM: Characterized by destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. A C-peptide test determines if insulin production is ongoing. The body may break down fats to make ketones, which can cause ketoacidosis
Type 2 DM: Characterized by insulin resistance and a possible deficiency in insulin production. Insulin sensitivity in body cells can be affected.

Diabetes Insipidus

Treated with ADH, Vasopressin and Desmopressin
Vasopressin antidote is Phentolamine

Medications

Desmopressin Acetate (Omegapress): Dosage and details on container provided.
Insulin Sensitizers: Metformin, Thiazolidinediones
- Metformin: First line treatment for type 2 DM. Monitor kidney function. Avoid with iodinated contrast, drug interaction: topiramate.
- Thiazolidinediones (Pioglitazone, Rosiglitazone): Contraindicated in heart or hepatic issues
Insulin Secretagogues:
- First-generation SU (Tolbutamide, Chlorpropamide), Second-generation SU (Glipizide, Glimepiride, Glyburide), Meglitinide (Repaglinide, Nateglinide).
SGLT-2 Inhibitors: Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin, Sotagliflozin
- Canagliflozin - Risk of fractures, Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs). New guidelines indicate this class of drug may lower risk of cardiovascular disease
GLP-1 Analogues:
- Lixisenatide, Liraglutide, Dulaglutide, Semaglutide (injections)
- Liraglutide: Recombinant DNA, FDA approved to decrease weight.
DPP-4 Inhibitors: Sitagliptin, Saxagliptin, Linagliptin, Vildagliptin. Saxagliptin not recommended in heart failure.
**

Other Diabetes Information

Diagnostic criteria: A1C > 6.5, Fasting blood glucose (FBG) > 126 mg/dL, 2-hour postprandial glucose (2hrPG) > 200 mg/dL can all be used to diagnose diabetes.
Symptoms of High Blood Sugar (Hyperglycemia): Dry mouth, Thirst, Headaches, Weakness, Blurred vision, Frequent urination.
Complications of Diabetes: 1) Microvascular disease (retina, kidney and nerve damage)
2) Macrovascular disease (coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral artery disease)
Diabetes Treatment Schedule: Type 1 DM: Within 3-5 years for diagnosis, yearly follow-up once over 10 years old. Type 2 DM: Yearly follow-up at diagnosis.
Insulin Dosing: T1 DM: 0.3 to 0.6 units per kilogram day, T2 DM 0.1 to 0.2 units per kilogram per day .
Insulin Types: List of rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting insulins detailed.
Insulin Considerations: Zinc is important for insulin synthesis and Chromium for insulin action.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the functions of insulin, types of diabetes mellitus, and the medications used for management. This quiz covers important concepts related to glucose metabolism and diabetes treatment options.