Insulin Related Disorders: Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus?

Inadequate insulin secretion

Defective insulin action

Selective destruction of pancreatic beta cells

Both defective insulin action and inadequate insulin secretion (correct)

What is the typical age range for the peak presentation of type 1 diabetes mellitus?

5-8 years

18-20 years

15-17 years

11-13 years (correct)

What is the result of osmotic diuresis caused by the presence of glucose in urine in the kidneys?

Weight loss

Blurred vision

Polyuria (correct)

Polydipsia

What is the consequence of accelerated breakdown of fat and muscle in type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Weight loss Signup and view all the answers

What arises from a state of total insulin deficiency?

Diabetic ketoacidosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the autoimmune response that leads to the destruction of pancreatic beta cells?

Activation of immune cells and autoantibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the classical triad of symptoms of insulin deficiency?

Polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss Signup and view all the answers

What is the disease that is induced by an environmental event, or events, in a genetically susceptible person?

Type 1 diabetes mellitus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method for diagnosing gestational diabetes?

Oral glucose tolerance test in the 2nd trimester Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk factor for gestational diabetes mellitus?

BMI > 30 kg/m2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment goal for hypoglycemia?

Quickly getting blood sugar back to within the standard range Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of hypoglycemia in people with diabetes?

Too much insulin or other diabetes medications Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom of worsening hypoglycemia?

Loss of coordination Signup and view all the answers

What is a lifestyle modification that can help prevent hypoglycemia?

Eating regular meals Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of severe hypoglycemia?

Seizures Signup and view all the answers

What is a common sign of hypoglycemia?

Sweating Signup and view all the answers

What happens when blood glucose level is too low?

Glucagon is secreted from alpha cells of the pancreatic islets Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of glucagon acting on hepatocytes?

Glucose is released from the liver into the blood more rapidly Signup and view all the answers

What inhibits the release of glucagon?

High blood glucose level Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of insulin on glucose in cells?

Glucose is phosphorylated and cannot diffuse back through the cell membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of insulin lack in the liver?

Increased production of acetoacetic acid and ketosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of insulin on glycogenolysis?

Insulin slows the conversion of glycogen into glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of insulin secretion from beta cells of the pancreatic islets?

Blood glucose level falls Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of insulin on protein synthesis?

Insulin increases protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hyperglycemia: High blood sugar (glucose) level
Hypoglycemia: Low blood sugar (glucose) level

Hyperglycemia

Main cause of hyperglycemia: Diabetes mellitus due to metabolic disorders, inadequate insulin secretion, defective insulin action, or both
Two major forms of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2
Complications of diabetes: Retinopathy leading to blindness, nephropathy leading to renal failure, neuropathy (nerve damage), and atherosclerosis (stroke, gangrene, or coronary artery disease)

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Results from insulin deficiency or absence due to destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Chronic, organ-specific autoimmune disease induced by environmental events or genetic susceptibility
Peak age of presentation: 11-13 years (more common in children)
Symptoms: Polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperphagia, blurred vision

Gestational Diabetes

Most patients are asymptomatic, diagnosed after screening with an oral glucose tolerance test in the 2nd trimester
Risk factors: BMI > 30 kg/m2, previous macrosomic baby, previous gestational diabetes, first-degree relative with type 2 diabetes, ethnic origin with high prevalence of diabetes mellitus

Hypoglycemia

Condition in which blood sugar (glucose) level is lower than the standard range
Symptoms: Pale, shakiness, sweating, headache, hunger, fast heartbeat, fatigue, dizziness, numbness of lips, tongue, or cheek
Severe symptoms: Confusion, unusual behavior, loss of coordination, slurred speech, blurry vision, nightmares, unresponsiveness, seizures
Causes: Side effect of diabetes medications, excessive insulin, excessive alcohol drinking, critical illnesses, taking someone else's oral diabetes medication

Control of Secretion of Glucagon and Insulin

Low blood glucose level (hypoglycemia) stimulates secretion of glucagon from alpha cells of the pancreatic islets
Glucagon promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, increasing blood glucose level
High blood glucose level (hyperglycemia) inhibits release of glucagon and stimulates secretion of insulin
Insulin acts on various cells to accelerate glucose uptake, glycogenesis, and protein synthesis, and slow glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

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Description

Learn about insulin related disorders, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, and their causes, symptoms, and complications, with a focus on diabetes mellitus.